CLAY GALL 



clay gall — Small pellets of clay which are gen- 

 erally embedded in a sandy matrix. 



clearing — See polynya. 



cleavage — The splitting of bedded rocks along 

 definite parallel closely spaced planes which may 

 be highly inclined to the bedding planes. 



cliff— ^ee bluff. 



climate — The prevalent or characteristic meteor- 

 ological conditions of a place or region, in con- 

 trast with weather which is the state of the 

 atmosphere at any time. 



clino— The sloping part of the floor of the sea 

 which extends from tlie wave base to the deeper 

 parts of the sea. The deposit formed in the clino 

 environment is called a clinoform. The rocli 

 unit of the clinoform is the clinothem. (2) 



clinoform — See clino. 



clinothem — See clino. 



clo— A unit of thennal insulation, usually applied 

 to clothing or bed covers. It is defined as the 

 amount of insulation necessary to maintain com- 

 fort and a mean skin temperature of 92°F for 

 a person who is producing heat at the standard 

 metabolic rate (50 kilogram-calories per square 

 meter of body surface per hour; one met) in an 

 indoor environment characterized by a tempera- 

 ture of 70°F, relative humidity of less than 50 

 percent, and air motion of 20 feet per minute. 



(5) 



closed bay — A bay indirectly connected with the 

 sea through a narrow pass. (2) 



close drift ice — See close pack ice. 



closed sea — 1. That part of the ocean enclosed by 

 headlands, within narrow straits, etc. 



2. That part of the ocean within the terri- 

 torial jurisdiction of a country. 

 (68) 



close ice — (also called close pach, packed ice). 

 Ice that covere from 8-tenths to 10-tenths of 

 the sea surf ace. (68) -See close pack ice (pre- 

 ferred WMO term) . 



close pack — See close ice. 



close pack ice — (or close drift ice). Sea ice con- 

 sisting of ice floes that are generally in con- 

 tact. Their concentration ranges between 7- 

 tenths and 9-tenths (6-eighths to 7-eighths). 

 (74) 



Cl-ratio — The amount of any ion or substance per 

 unit weight of chlorinity. It is obtained by di- 

 viding the concentration of the various ions in 

 grams per kilogram by the chlorinity. (54) 



cnoidal wave — A type of wave profile in shallow- 

 water (depth of water is less than % to yV the 

 wavelength) . The formula is expressed in terms 

 of the Jacobian elliptic function en u ; hence the 

 term "cnoidal." (72) 



coast — The general region of indefinite width that 

 extends from the sea inland to the first major 

 change in terrain features. (2) 



coastal area — The land and sea area bordering 

 the shoreline. (61) 



coastal current — A relatively uniform drift 

 usually flowing parallel to the shore in the 

 deeper water adjacent to the surf zone. The 

 current may be related to tides, winds, or dis- 

 tribution of mass. 



Sometimes called a nearshore current or 

 offshore current. (73) 



coastal ice — See fast ice. 



coastal plain — A plain which borders the sea 

 coast, and extends from the sea to the nearest 

 elevated land. 



coastal plain estuary — See estuary. 



coastal pressure ridge — The ridge formed when 

 floating sea ice is thrust against fast ice. (59) 



coast ice — (or coastal ice). See fast ice. 



coastline — The configuration made by the meet- 

 ing of land and the sea. (68). 



Coast Pilot — A book of sailing directions for the 

 United States or possessions, published by the 

 U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey. (5) 



cobble — (also called ioulderet, coiMestone) . A 

 rock fragment between 64 and 256 millimeters 

 in diameter, larger than a pebble and smaller 

 than a boulder, and rounded or otherwise 

 abraded. (2) See phi grade scale. 



cobblestone — See cobble. 



coccolith — Very tiny calcareous plates, generally 

 oval and perforated, borne on the surface of 

 some plantonic marine algae (cocolithophores). 



coccolithophore — One of a family (Coccolitho- 

 phoridaceae) of microscopic, often abundant 

 planktonic algae, the cells of which are sur- 

 rounded by an evelojse on which numerous small 

 calcareous discs or rings (coccoliths) are em- 

 bedded. Large concentrations give the water a 

 milky appearance; this condition is called 

 "white water" by the herring fishermen of 

 northern Europe. 



cockling sea — See choppy sea. 



cocurrent line — A line on a chart passing through 

 places having the same tidal current hour. (50) 



coefficient of absorption — See absorption co- 

 efficient. 



coefficient of compressibility — (or compressi- 

 hility) . The relative decrease of the volume of 

 a system with increasing pressure in an 

 isothermal process. This coefficient is 



VKcipJr' 



where V is the volume, p the pressure, and T 



the temperature. The reciprocal of this 



quantity is the bulk modulus. ( 5 ) 

 coefficient of expansion — See coefficient of 



thermal expansion, 

 coefficient of heat conduction — See thermal 



conductivity, 

 coefficient of thermal conduction — See thermal 



conductivity. 



34 



