COMPOUND VOLCANO 



usually occur in shallow water regions. See 

 shallow water constituent. (50) 

 compound volcano — A volcano that consists of 

 a complex of two or more cones, or a volcano 

 that has an associated volcanic dome, either in 

 its crater or on its flanks. (2) 



COMPOUND VOLCANO 



1. Vent; 2. Lava flow accumulations; 3. Primary cone; 4. 

 Caldera; 5. Secondary cone; 6. Lava flow; 7. Magma, 



reservoir (Amn^ UET, L OON 4 JUDSOJ, SHELDO+J. PHYSICAl 



GCOlCXiY. NJW TORX: P«NTIC£-MALi. INC 1954. p. 360,| 



compressed-air illiness— ^S'ee decompression 

 sickness. 



compressibility— /See coefficient of compressi- 

 bility. 



compressibility facto r— <S'ee compression 

 factor. 



compressional wave — A wave in an elastic 

 medium which causes an element of tlie medimn 

 to change its volume without undergoing 

 rotation. (69) 



compression factor — (or diving rules, comjyressi- 

 lility factor). A coefficient expressing, in 

 pounds per hundred feet, the combined effect on 

 submarine buoyancy of the compressions of sea 

 water and of the ship with increasing depth. 

 It is always negative in value. 



Compton absorption — The absorption of an 

 X-ray or gamma I'ay photon in the Compton 

 effect. The energy of the electromagnetic 

 radiation is not completely absorbed since an- 

 other photon of lower energy is simultaneously 

 created. (41) 



Compton effect — An attenuation process observed 

 for X- or gamma radiation in which an inci- 

 dent photon interacts with an orbital electron 

 of an atom to produce a recoil electron and a 

 scattered photon of energy less than the incident 

 photon. (70) 

 Compton scattering— /See scattering (sense 3). 



concentration — In sea ice reporting, the ratio of 

 the areal extent of ice present to the total areal 

 extent of ice and water. Concentration is usu- 

 ally reported in tenths, and is meaningful in 

 definitions of open water, very open pack ice, 

 open pack ice, close pack ice, very close pack 

 ice. 



concentration factor — An expression of the rela- 

 tive amount of an element in an organism as 

 compared to its relative amount in sea water. 

 Concentration factors as high as two million or 

 higher have been reported for some elements in 

 some organisms. 



concretion — (or coTicretionary) . Nodular or ir- 

 regular concentrations of material through dep- 

 osition from solution, usually about a central 

 nucleus. Examples are clay and manganese 

 nodules. See nodules. 



concretionary — See concretion. 



concussion crack — (also called shoch crach). A 

 fracture in sea ice produced by the impact of one 

 ice cake upon another. ( 59 ) 



condensation — The physical process by which a 

 vapor becomes a liquid or solid ; the opposite of 

 evaporation. When water vapor condenses, 

 heat is released, and the surrounding tempera- 

 ture is raised. 



condensed deposit — Sedimentary material_ that 

 accumulated very slowly ; it is thin but not inter- 

 rupted. (2) 



conduction — The transfer of energy within and 

 through a conductor by means of internal par- 

 ticle or molecular activity, and without any net 

 external motion. Conduction is to be distin- 

 guished from convection (of heat) and radia- 

 tion (of all electromagnetic energy). (5) 



conductivity— /See electrical conductivity, 

 thermal conductivity, thermometric conduc- 

 tivity. 



cone shell — A tropical marine snail of the family 

 Conidae possessing a venom-injecting apparatus 

 used to subdue its prey. Several Indo-Pacific 

 species have been implicated in human fatali- 

 ties ; most species belong to the genus Conus. 



conformal projection — A map which preserves 

 angles; that is, a map such that if two curves 

 intersect at a given angle, the images of the two 

 curves on the map also intersect at the same 

 angles. 



On such a map, at each point, the scale is the 

 same in every direction. Shapes of small regions 

 are preserved, but areas are only approximately 

 preserved (the property of area conservation 

 is peculiar to the equal-area map) . 



The most commonly used conformal map is 

 probably the Lambert conformal conic projec- 

 tion, with standard latitudes at 30° and 60°N. 

 On the standard latitudes, the scale is exact; be- 

 tween them, it is decreased by not more than 

 about 1 percent; outside them, distortion in- 

 creases rapidly. The Mercator and stereo- 

 o-raphic projections are also conformal maps. 



(5) . . 



confused sea — A rough sea where the direction 

 and period of the sea and/or swell is indetermi- 

 nate, caused by various overriding wave trains. 



36 



