Review of Autonomous Undersea Vehicle (AUV) Developments 
Table 4. Secondary Battery Cell Types Currently Available 
Chemistry Cell W-hr/kg Notes 
Volt 
Nickel-Cadmium (Nicad) Mee 25/35/210 Cyl/button/vented; long 
Cd-NiOOH life; memory problems 
Nickel-Metal Hydride 1-22 65 Replaces Cd in NiCd 
Ni-MH 
Cadmium-Silver Oxide 1.4 75 Like NiCd but lower rate 
Cd-Ag20 (2) 
Nickel-Hydrogen 2.25 50 Pressure vessel; extremely 
H2-NiOOH long life; satellites 
Silver-Hydrogen 1.4/2.2. 80 Pressure vessel; extremely 
H2-Ag20(2) long life; deep discharge 
Lithium-Thionyl 3.4 700 Primaries available as 
Chloride buttons; very wide temperature 
Li-SOC12 range; 20-year life 
Lithium Ion Family: 
Lithium-Sulfur Dioxide 2.8 215 Wide temperature range; 
Li-SO2 20-year life 
Lithium-Manganese 3)51. 300 
Dioxide Li-Mn0O2 
Lithium-Titanium 3.6 
Sulfide Li-TiS2 
Lithium-Manganese 3.6 
Disulfide Li-MnS2 
Lithium-Sulfur Dioxide 2.8 215 Wide temperature range; 
Li-SO2 20-year life 
Lithium Carbon 258 310 Long shelf life 
Monofluoride 
Li-(CF)n 
Lithium-Iodine 27 230 Long service life (<10 yrs) 
Li-1I2 
Lithium-Copper Sufide 
Li-CuS 
Lead-Acid 100 Fuses; torpedoes; radio 
Pb-PbO2 
(sulfuric acid) 20 
(fluoroboric) 1.8 
(perchloric) 129 
Zinc-Silver Oxide 
Zn-Ag20 (2) 
Zinc-Manganese Dioxide 1.2 "Renewal" brand; needs smart 
Zn-MnO2 charger 
SOURCE: Compilation of data from Bis, R.F., J.A. Barnes, W.V. Zajac, P.B. Davis, and R.M. Murphy, 1986, Safety Characteristics of 
Lithium Primary and Secondary Battery Systems, NSWC TR 86-296. Navy Surface Weapons Center, Silver Spring, Md., July; and Bis, R.F., 
and R.M. Murphy, 1986, Safety Characteristics of Non-lithium Battery Systems, NSWC TR 86-302 Rev. 1, Naval Surface Weapons Center, 
Silver Spring, Md., July. 
