Fleming (1935) described two areas of upwelling, one in Panama Bay and 

 one to the southeast of the Archipelago de las Perlas. He estimated that 

 the upwelled water replaces 40 m of surface water during the season, but 

 later (1940) he revised this estimate to 75 m. Schaefer (1957) and Schaefer, 

 Bishop and Howard (1958) estimated that the water upwelled at least 50 and 

 40 m, respectively. Forsbergh (1963) found an average of 78 m of water re- 

 placed by upwelling during the January to April dry season in Panama Bay and 

 at the head of the Gulf. 



The rate of upwelling can be calculated by the time change with depth of 

 the isotherms. However, the time intervals between the surveys considered 

 here are not such that this is possible. The shorter time interval between 

 observations at the Commission's permanent station makes those data more prop- 

 erly adaptable to this calculation, and for such, one is referred to Forsbergh 

 (1963). 



It would also be of interest to compare other hydrographic and biological 

 features with upwelling. This has been done by Forsbergh (1963). It is 

 therefore suggested that simultaneous reference to that paper will increase the 

 value of this report. One also is referred to the paper by Wooster (1959) for 

 a general discussion of the oceanography of the Gulf of Panama and the Panama 

 Bight. 



METHODS 



The data used in this report were collected over the period 1955 to 1959. 

 Temperature was measured by means of a bathythermograph (BT). Readings were 

 corrected at the surface with a bucket thermometer and at 20 m with a reversing 

 thermometer. The ba thy thermograms were processed by the BT Section of the 

 University of California, San Diego, Scripps Institution of Oceanography. [Copies 

 of the bathythermograms are available at the National Oceanographic Data Cen- 



-2- 



