sion, concentrating on tuna and porpoise prob- 
lems, found to be “promising” in quality. 
7. Northwest Fisheries Center, Seattle, Wash., and 
Auke Bay and Kodiak, Alaska, $7,741,000. 
Found to be doing satisfactory work in a variety 
of fields, including aquaculture disease, dredge 
disposal, and entrainment and impact of dams 
and other obstacles. 
In addition, NMFS operates an Atlantic Environ- 
mental Group in Narragansett, R.I., (budget $249,- 
000), a Pacific Environmental Group in Monterey, 
Calif., ($297,000), and the National Systematics 
Laboratory in Washington, D. C. 
NMFS and the Fish and Wildlife Service jointly 
monitor the abundance and distribution of fish and 
shellfish that are important to domestic marine com- 
mercial and recreational fishing interests. The two 
fisheries services cooperate in the regulation of 
anadromous species, such as salmon, which spawn 
upstream and live the rest of their lives in the marine 
environment. 
Various Federal agencies (National Marine Fish- 
eries Service, Fish and Wildlife Service, and the 
Corps of Engineers) often cooperate with each other 
and various State agencies in the conduct of fish 
husbandry research on salmon and other species. 
This research is aimed at developing improved rear- 
ing techniques and diets for fish hatched and grown 
there. 
As man-induced disruptions of the marine envir- 
onment often contribute to the threatened status of 
fish stocks and species, special programs were estab- 
lished to examine the effects of these disruptions on 
fish and their habitats. The Environme jen 
Agency (EPA) was created in order to prevent,.con- 
trol, and abate environmenta ion. Through 
the issuance_of permits, EPA _prescribes.conditions 
under which pollutants may be_discharged_ into 
marinewaters. EPA uses its permit authorities to 
protect marine fishery resources and fishery habitats. 
Together with the two fishery services, EPA con- 
ducts marine ecological analyses to assess the effects 
of chemical and sewage discharge in the ocean as 
well as the effects of oil and gas development, deep 
ocean mining, and other marine industries. EPA also 
works with the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers to 
identify sites where dredged material may be dumped, 
and to protect the marine envir iment through reg- 
ulation of such dumping. 
The National Science Foundation (NSF) also par- 
ticipates in environmental analyses. Although it does 
not perform its own research, NSF promotes, via 
grants to academic institutions, basic research in 
marine and oceanographic affairs. In this indirect 
fashion, NSF-sponsored research focuses on the im- 
pacts of ocean dumping on fish habitats. 
Energy facilities are sited where there is access to 
large supplies of cooling water. The hot water dis- 
charged back into the aquatic environment could in- 
crease ambient temperatures and affect fisheries. To 
determine the biological effects of the hot water 
effluent, the Department of Energy and the Tennessee 
Valley Authority (TVA) perform biothermal re- 
search. Application of this research could become 
important with offshore siting of energy facilities 
such as the floating nuclear powerplants that have 
been proposed off New Jersey’s coast. Since EPA 
has the general mandate to assure water quality, it is 
involved in this research as well. The other concern 
for fisheries is the effect of radioactivity on the 
marine ecosystem. 
The National Sea Grant Program, administered 
by NOAA, contributes to the development of in- 
formation on fisheries by offering grant money for 
the establishment_and promotion of marine science 
curricula and research projects at public and private 
colle nd universities J itutes, and marine 
laboratories. Current funding supports aquaculture 
research, studies on the environmental and ecological 
effects of ocean dumping on marine fisheries, and 
education and training programs in the marine sci- 
ences. 
The National Aeronautics and Space Administra- 
tion (NASA) has a technological utilization program 
that promotes the application of its technological 
developments to industrial and public needs. NASA 
has developed remote sensing instruments that could 
be used to track fish movements and to select prom- 
ising fishing areas. 
The National Environmental Satellite Service, a 
component of NOAA, monitors and measures the 
Earth’s environment and supplies data needed for 
weather forecasting. In developing the capability 
to measure sea-surface temperatures, these data have 
been correlated with some fish migrations. This in- 
formation can be used to pinpoint potentially good 
fishing grounds, and may also be helpful in assessing 
fishery stocks, a first step in the establishment of 
fishery management plans. 
Similarly, the Navy’s research has spinoff applica- 
tions for fishery research and management. For ex- 
ample, underwater acoustic sensors that were devel- 
oped for submarine detection have already been used 
by NOAA to study the migratory movements of large 
marine mammals and schools of fish. In addition, 
the Navy’s oceanographic activities include research 
into the geological, chemical, and biological nature 
of the oceans as well as ocean engineering programs. 
Other Navy research projects that have been ap- 
plied to the needs of the fishing industry include: 
communications and navigation equipment, buoyancy 
materials, corrosion-free rigging, and sensing equip- 
ment to locate lost gear. 
The Federal Government supports research on 
the development of aquaculture in NOAA, the De- 
partment of Agriculture, the Fish and Wildlife Serv- 
ice, and the National Science Foundation. The Food 
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