ment Councils may make recommendations con- 
cerning fish stocks in the territorial sea, but with- 
out enforcement power. 
e State-Federal Fishery Management Program— 
these programs are jointly developed, and NMFS 
assists and advises the States in cooperation among 
themselves on the management of important inter- 
state marine resources. This program includes 
interstate fisheries that exist inside and outside the 
territorial sea (although most are within the ter- 
ritorial sea). Funding for the development of such 
management is available; however, no specific 
legislative authority exists for this program. 
While the patterns for fishery management appear 
to be set in the 200-mile zone, effective State- 
Federal management for the fisheries in the terri- 
torial sea requires the integration of the resources of 
the individual States, the Interstate Marine Fisheries 
Commissions, the Regional Fishery Management 
Councils, and the State-Federal Fishery Management 
Program. 
Current Fishery Policies and Problems 
Marine Recreational Fishing 
The Federal role in marine recreational fishing is 
typical of the general picture with respect to the 
national government’s general approach to ocean 
matters: 
e Role identification; 
e It is fragmented and without an overall policy 
body ensuring that disparate activities are coordi- 
nated (see chapter IX); 
e There is potential for Federal-State conflicts; and 
e Disagreements exist over the extent to which one 
recreational fishery should be supported over 
another and between sport and commercial inter- 
ests. 
The evident need is for Federal efforts to be evalu- 
ated both for whether they might be as well or better 
handled at another level of government and for their 
impact on other species and interests as well as the 
general environment. 
A partial list of Federal agencies with activities 
bearing directly on marine recreational fishing in- 
cludes: 
e The Army Corps of Engineers, whose harbor 
breakwater and jetty projects are open to anglers; 
@ The Forest Service, over whose jurisdictional lands 
two-thirds of the anadromous species (for example, 
salmon) travel during their lifetime;* 
e The Department of the Interior, which has several 
organizations involved, including the Fish and 
Wildlife Service and its habitat purchase and pro- 
tection programs, the National Park Service with 
its National Seashores, the Heritage Conservation 
and Recreation Service and its assistance in park 
purchases and overall State recreation planning, 
and the Bureau of Land Management and its pub- 
lic land holdings; 
e The Environmental Protection Agency and _ its 
mission to clean up the Nation’s waters and wet- 
land protection; 
e The Coast Guard and its boating safety mission; 
and 
“U.S. Comptroller General, op. cit. note 4, p. 56. 
e NOAA’s National Marine Fisheries Service, which 
absorbed the marine game fish functions from 
Interior at the time of its formation in 1970. Its 
marine recreation activities include: research to 
understand species, information to help protect 
. certain species, information to assist anglers, sta- 
tistics, and economic analysis.*? Also under NOAA, 
the National Weather Service provides marine 
weather forecasts, and the National Ocean Survey 
provides charting information among other data. 
A number of specific Federal acts affect recrea- 
tional fishing; some also affect commercial fishing as 
well, but the motivation is often for the recreational 
fishing interests. Typical is the Anadromous Fish 
Conservation Act of 1965 (P.L. 89-304), aimed at 
bolstering a dwindling supply of salmon in the north- 
west. Under this authority, NMFS in 1976 was 
spending $6 million to induce enlarged salmon runs 
and the Fish and Wildlife Service was spending an 
additional $11 million. The Fish and Wildlife Service 
claimed its expenditure would result in $50 million 
in economic value for commercial interests and $360 
million for recreational interests.*? The Fishery Con- 
servation and Management Act includes recreational 
fishing where allocations of a particular fishery in- 
clude a share for recreational users. 
The major assistance program in support of recre- 
ational fishing is the Dingell-Johnson Act of 1950, 
the counterpart of the 1937 Federal assistance pro- 
gram for helping with the purchase of wildlife ref- 
uges, the Pittman-Robertson Wildlife Restoration 
Act. To date, the Dingell-Johnson program has made 
available $204.5 million to the States on a matching 
basis for both freshwater and marine fishery re- 
search, habitat protection, and management. With 
the funds, States have acquired 96,687 acres of ter- 
#2 U.S. House of Representatives. ‘Department of State, Justice 
and Commerce, the Judiciary and Related Agencies, Appropria- 
tions Hearings, Fiscal Year 1978.’ Washington, D.C., Govern- 
ment Printing Office, 1977, p. 206. 
* U.S. Comptroller General, op. cit. note 4. p. 56. 
I{J—29 
