Table 4-1. Percentage of total U.S. industrial employment in the coastal zone *” 
‘Percentage Percentage of U.S. industrial employment 
of 
Portion of coastal zone land use 1940 1950 1960 1970 
New England ............. Terk ee W050 4.00 3.78 3.68 3.60 
Mid =A than tious cay Sisicesess us cae i euateeharebte bsvakede tes tats 85 15.45 15.29 15.18 14.29 
South tlanticwmer ier nee rence teatand cca hurersys 94 1.15 1.39 1.94 DAS 
lsagicm Guil? Copgies sho sicgs Bey Slab ook Bou do Hil. .62 76 1.03 1.08 
Wester GulfisGoaston-eesceiae etree cree: 88 1.54 1.72 1.91 2.11 
SouthenmiCaliforiawss- ere tain 57 2.75 3.54 4.89 5.29 
SanbibrancisComanedinn tise cicesey pe ciercincckatevclefere 37 1.73 2.21 2.62 2.83 
Northern California-Oregon ................ 80 20 ROU, 28 .27 
\WECITIGION Mg cloots Slow Gb. sige Haonob dos Sob bice .63 84 1.00 1.03 1.09 
Greatelakes en tae fica et eae es atenbe es 2.24 10.77 10.88 10.31 9.85 
MotalucoasraleZOne wees tenia pcl terietelerstelreten- 8.58 39.05 40.84 42.88 42.57 
Coastal zone less Great Lakes .............. 6.34 28.28 29.96 43.57 32.72 
1 Coastal zone is defined as the set of counties contiguous to the oceans or the Great Lakes or their estuarial arms. Alaska and 
Hawaii are omitted. 
2 Source: U.S. Congress, Senate, Committee on Commerce. The Oceans and National Economic Development. 93d Cong.. 1st 
sess., Committee Print. Washington, D.C., Government Printing Office, 1973, p. 168. 
billion by 1972 and was projected to reach $1.4 to 
$4.2 billion in fish value alone by the year 2000 
(processing and marketing are additional). 
The mineral industry is the largest, and destined 
to grow larger, in terms of ocean resource produc- 
tion. Dominated by the production of oil and gas 
offshore, mineral production was $3.4 billion in out- 
put in 1973. By 1985, the amount is expected to 
reach $15.8 billion. In addition to oil] and gas there 
was projected production of significant amounts of 
magnesium and sulfur. Deep-ocean mining is ex- 
pected to constitute a $130 million extractive in- 
dustry by 1985, and processing onshore would add 
several hundred million more dollars to the indus- 
try’s value. Ocean transportation of goods, both 
foreign and domestic, was said to constitute a $10.5 
billion private investment in 1972.7* 
The Nathan report suggests that offshore energy 
production will become a major economic factor 
in coming years, projecting an investment on the 
order of $3.7 to $6 billion in the year 2000. This is 
primarily offshore nuclear power production, but 
could be higher if conventional plants are located 
offshore. 
Population 
In terms of demographic trends, the “coastal 
States” are by and large “growth States;” and the 
“coastal counties” within those States are growth 
areas; thus the metropolitan areas near the coast 
are, for the most part, expanding. The Nation’s 12 
largest States have coasts,?° and 9 of the 12 fastest- 
growing States, in terms of percentage growth, are 
coastal States.?° 
Coastal counties within these States are generally 
growth counties. Most of them expanded in popu- 
lation between 1960 and 1970 at a rate that ex- 
ceeded the national average of 13.3 percent. On the 
West Coast, for example, in the 46 coastal counties 
that stretch from Washington to California, 30 
grew faster than the national average during the 
18 Ibid, pp. 93. 
19 In order, California, New York, Pennsylvania, Texas, IIli- 
nois, Ohio, Michigan New Jersey, Florida, Massachusetts, Indi- 
ana, and North Carolina. U.S. Census Bureau, Characteristics of 
we, Population. Washington, D.C., Government Printing Office, 
0. 
20In order (noncoastal States in italics), Nevada, Florida, 
Arizona, Alaska, California, Maryland, Colorado, Delaware, 
New Hampshire, Hawaii, Connecticut, and Washington, ibid. 
period 1960-70, 11 had growth rates below the 
average, and only 5 reported a net loss in popula- 
tion. Where population losses were reported during 
the decade, they tended to concentrate in the south- 
eastern counties of Texas, several counties in 
Georgia, South Carolina, North Carolina, Virginia, 
and in the southernmost counties of Maryland. 
The concentration of people in metropolitan areas 
is clearly in the coasts (fig. 4-1). By the year 2000, 
it is projected that about 45 percent of the citizens 
living in metropolitan areas will be within 100 miles 
of the East Coast, 16 percent in the Gulf and 30 
percent on the West Coast.”? 
Population statistics for the “coast” are subject 
to both definitional and statistical ambiguities. The 
basic census tracts are defined by either county (or 
parish) units in the rural areas, and the Standard 
’ Metropolitan Statistical Area (SMSA) for cities and 
their suburbs. The county and SMSA census tracts 
can distort the population statistics because they are 
21 U.S. Congress, Senate, Committee on Commerce, op. cit. 
note 16, p. 39. 
IV-5 
