7. SHORELINE RESPONSE MODELING 89 



7.1 INTRODUCTION ...:.. 89 



7.2 LITERATURE REVIEW 89 



7.3 PHYSICAL PRINCIPLES 103 



7.3.1 Kinematic (Sediment Budget) Considerations 106 



7.3.2 Dynamical Considerations 108 



7.4 RESEARCH NEEDS ...... 109 



7.4.1 Analysis of Existing Data . . . . . . ... . . . . . 112 



7.4.2 New Data . . ; . . . . . . 112 



7.4.3 New Technology 113 



8. SALTWATER INTRUSION . 115 



8.1 INTRODUCTION 115 



8.2 LITERATURE REVIEW 115 



8.3 PHYSICAL PRINCIPLES AND SOLUTIONS TO IDEALIZED PROBLEMS . . 119 



8.3.1 General 119 



8.3.2 Discharge through an Unconfined Aquifer 123 



8.3.3 Oceanic Islands 125 



8.3.4 Upconing 128 



8.3.5 Single Extraction Well Near a Coast 128 



8.3.6 Saltwater Barriers 130 



8.4 CASE STUDIES 130 



8.4.1 Long Island, NY 130 



8.4.2 Miami, FL 131 



8.4.3 Los Angeles, CA 131 



8.4.4 The Potomac -Raritan-Mago thy Aquifer System 131 



8.4.5 Okinawa- jima Island 134 



8.5 RESEARCH NEEDS 134 



9. UPRIVER SALTWATER PENETRATION 137 



9.1 INTRODUCTION 137 



9.2 LITERATURE REVIEW 138 



9.3 PHYSICAL PRINCIPLES 140 



9.4 EXAMPLES 145 



9.5 RESEARCH NEEDS 148 



10. SEDIMENTARY PROCESSES IN THE ESTUARINE REGION 151 



10.1 INTRODUCTION 151 



10.2 SHORELINE CONFIGURATION 151 



10.3 ESTUARINE SEDIMENTATION 154 



10.4 WETLAND RESPONSE 162 



10.5 RESEARCH NEEDS 170 



11. COASTAL ECOSYSTEMS 173 



11.1 INTRODUCTION 173 



11.2 ECOSYSTEM RESPONSE 174 



11.3 RESEARCH NEEDS 177 



BIBLIOGRAPHY 181 



