Charts were constructed to show the location of intermediate and 

 Antarctic waters. 



International Indian Ocean Expedition . Indian Ocean exploration 

 and research had been carried on independently by national govern- 

 ments or private institutions up until 1957. In that year the 

 idea for international cooperation and large-scale oceanographic 

 study of the entire ocean was first considered. The task of 

 developing a coordinated plan of study was given to the Special 

 Committee on Oceanic Research (SCOR) which is affiliated with the 

 International Council of Scientific Unions (ICSU). 



The Scientific Committee on Oceanic Research appointed Mr. 

 Robert Snider (U.S.A») as its International Indian Ocean Ebcpedition 

 (IIOE) coordinator. Mr. Snider visited various countries to stimu- 

 late interest and to develop plans for their participation.''' TYie 

 following is a list of participating countries: 



Ship operating countries; Australia _, France, Germany 



(Fed. Rep. ), India, Indonesia, Japan, Pakistan, Portugal, 



Republic of South Africa, Thailand, Soviet Union, United 



Kingdom, and United States. 



Other participants: Burma, Ceylon, China, Fthiopia, 



Israel, Italy, Malagasy Republic, Federation of Mt^laya, 



Mauritius, and Sudan. 



Late in I96O, the United Nations Educational, Scientific and 

 Cultural OrganiZP'-T.ion (UTJESCO) agreed to co- sponsor the expedition 



■""United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organi- 

 zation, "Development of the International Indian Ocean Ebcpedition"; 

 Collected Reprints of the International I ndian Ocean Expedition 

 (Bruges : St. Augustin Press^ I965). 



