systems would be required for undersea arms 
control inspection and enforcement. 
Recommendations: 
10. The United States should undertake immedi- 
ately a dynamic and comprehensive advanced 
development program leading to a greatly ex- 
panded ocean engineering capability. The deep- 
ocean goal should be set at the working plateau of 
20,000 feet to gain access to 98 per cent of the 
world’s oceans. This is consistent with the pro- 
jected status of deep ocean technology. Develop- 
ment of 20,000-foot systems to explore and utilize 
the ocean as a whole is more rational than to 
advance incrementally at greater overall cost. 
11. The deep ocean development program should 
give highest priority to: 
—Compact power sources for vehicles and habitats. 
—Reliable free flooding external machinery, elec- 
trical systems, and equipment. 
—Materials for low weight-to-displacement ratio 
structures; high-strength, corrosion and fouling 
resistant components; and supplemental buoy- 
ancy. 
12. The United States should undertake a pro- 
gram to gain knowledge and experience in the 
deep ocean, focusing on technology to develop: 
—Efficient long-endurance exploration submers- 
ibles and associated instrumentation. 
—Logistic support and rescue vehicles for crew 
transfer and resupply. 
—Manned stations capable of submerged support 
by deep submersibles. 
—Submersible mother ships and stable surface 
platforms to support undersea operations safely 
and efficiently. 
E. Special Nearshore Problems! 
Pollution is the most serious problem in the 
nearshore area, having detrimental and often dis- 
lin this panel report, the emphasis is on the engineer- 
ing and technology to support activities in the coastal and 
estuarine zones. Another panel report deals with the 
overall problems of these zones. 
VI-10 
astrous effects on recreation, fish and wildlife, 
water supplies, natural beauty, commercial devel- 
opment, and scientific study. Pollution in some 
areas is so critical that the use of nearshore waters 
for additional waste disposal cannot be tolerated. 
A technology base exists to produce more effec- 
tive waste treatment techniques, monitoring de- 
vices, and to introduce preventative and restorative 
measures. 
So much critical U.S. coastal land has been lost 
to the sea that improved coastal engineering 
technology becomes increasingly important. Ex- 
tensive erosion protection projects have been 
undertaken, but due to a lack of basic understand- 
ing of shore processes there often have been both 
unexpected failures and undesirable results. 
Progress in marine transportation is leading 
rapidly to larger, deeper-draft bulk carriers and 
high speed ships with such improved cargo han- 
dling systems as containers and lighters. Contain- 
erization is growing especially fast. The New York 
Port Authority estimates that by 1975, 50 per 
cent of its general cargo will be containerized 
compared to 12 per cent at present and only 3 per 
cent in 1966. 
Port design in addition to ship design will pace 
future progress. Deepening of harbors to accom- 
modate large bulk carriers is encountering such 
severe physical barriers as bedrock, manmade 
tunnels, and long shallow approaches. In general, 
terminals for bulk and containerized shipping must 
be totally new. Utilization of land made available 
by obsolete facilities can make valuable contribu- 
tions to urban development. Increased ocean 
activity will require government emphasis on 
safety and regulation. Nearshore activities place 
prime reliance on dependable navigation and 
communications. 
Recommendations: 
13. Disposal of wastes in coastal waters must not 
be considered an acceptable alternative to pollution 
abatement and control without full prior knowl- 
edge of its effects. A goal should be set to halt 
substantially any further pollution and to improve 
the quality of nearshore waters. The goals of this 
program should be enforced by joint State-Federal 
ultimate standards to be fixed immediately. These 
standards should be tailored for incremental future 
compliance until the desired standards are at- 
tained. In addition, detailed research and develop- 
