ment programs should be pursued to improve 
technology of monitoring devices to help deter- 
mine pollution sources and distribution. 
14. To increase the quality and quantity of 
usable coastal land, a program of coastal biolog- 
ical and engineering efforts should be pursued 
vigorously and adequately funded to perform such 
tasks as: 
—Coastal process studies. 
—Prototype developments. of new erosion preven- 
tion systems. 
—Applied research on nearshore ecology. 
15. Port and harbor development should be based 
on a total systems approach to marine transporta- 
tion. Such development should concentrate on 
design of offshore bulk cargo terminals and im- 
proved methods of intermodal (air-land-sea) trans- 
fer to allow more effective use of coastal land. 
16. To protect life and property better, the Coast 
Guard should pursue a research and development 
program to strengthen capabilities for traffic con- 
trol, monitoring, and search and rescue (including 
underwater divers, submersibles, and habitats). A 
study should be made of present and potential 
underwater acoustic requirements. Frequency and 
power level allocations should be established and 
enforced. 
F. Great Lakes Restoration 
The major problem faced by the Great Lakes is 
aging (eutrophication) accelerated by water pollu- 
tion leading to: 
—Over-enrichment of the Lakes 
—Build up of dissolved and suspended solids in the 
Lakes 
—Oxygen depletion of the Lakes and tributaries 
Lake Erie, Lake Ontario, and southern Lake 
Michigan are in the worst condition of the five 
Great Lakes, but none is beyond restoration. 
Technology can reverse the aging process. Pollu- 
tion abatement is required to make restoration 
efforts effective. 
Recommendations: 
17. A National Project tailored to the immediate 
needs of Lakes Erie and Ontario and southern 
Lake Michigan should be funded to test such 
promising restoration schemes as artificially in- 
duced destratification. Existing facilities should be 
used to the fullest extent. 
18. A restoration project for Lakes Erie and 
Ontario and southern Lake Michigan should be 
undertaken as soon as the technology is available. 
The program should complement the implementa- 
tion of effective pollution abatement technology 
in all the Great Lakes and must be managed to 
accommodate Federal, State, community, and 
private interests. 
G. Industrial Technology 
1. Fishing and Aquaculture 
The total annual production of the U.S. fishing 
industry has been static at four to six billion 
pounds for nearly 30 years, although the U.S. 
market is three times the U.S. catch and is growing 
rapidly. Further, the sustainable yield adjacent to 
the United States is estimated to be greater than 
30 billion pounds. The U.S. fishing fleet is mixed 
in quality—partly antiquated, such as the New 
England ground fish fleet, and partly modern, as 
the West Coast tuna fleet and parts of the Gulf 
Coast shrimp fleet. 
Fishermen spend an average of half of their 
total time at sea hunting fish, and in some fisheries 
considerably more. Nevertheless, government ef- 
forts to assist the industry have given greater 
emphasis on biological science, and less on search, 
location, and harvesting technology development. 
Freshwater aquaculture of catfish and trout and 
estuarine aquaculture of oysters are examples of 
successful local U.S. industries with good growth 
potential. A strong market exists in the United 
States for quality sea food products many of 
which are adaptable to aquaculture. Open sea 
aquaculture, however, does not yet exist commer- 
cially. 
