tion and pilot production are required to delineate 
the more accessible reserves and to develop the 
technology base to meet accelerating needs. 
Gradually ocean industries collectively will gen- 
erate a larger and larger fraction of the gross 
national product and will help the United States 
maintain its competitive position in the world 
marketplace. It is easier and cheaper to maintain a 
position of leadership than to regain lost initiative. 
More intelligent stewardship of resources will 
be required as utilization of the oceans increases. 
This implies improved knowledge, best achieved 
through an aggressive basic marine science pro- 
gram. Improved scientific understanding of the 
oceans also is needed to support a continuing 
advance in technology, to make longer-term 
weather predictions, to realize food production 
potentials, and to determine future military useful- 
ness. Science has returned dividends in the past, 
and will in the future. 
Now is the time to reverse the trend of 
degradation of the environment. Beaches have 
been closed on Lake Erie; ocean beaches have been 
rendered useless by oil slicks; oyster beds have 
been condemned; and city water front areas have 
been blighted by raw sewage and chemicals 
dumped into harbors. Technology should be ex- 
tended so these problems can be solved economi- 
cally. 
The state-of-the-art is such that it is possible to 
consider a law requiring municipal and industrial 
intakes to be installed downstream from their 
outfalls, in effect putting the water user in the 
same position as others downstream. There is no 
reason why a user cannot return water of a quality 
equal to that which he takes from a stream. 
The world’s richest Nation need not live in its 
own filth, but should set an example by directly 
facing these problems rather than leaving greater 
problems to future generations. The technology 
should be developed to eliminate the economic 
penalty of waste treatment, making it possible for 
many activities to profit by reprocessing wastes 
into marketable products. This quantitative bene- 
fit would be in addition to the qualitative values 
of beauty, clean water, and recreation. 
The net effect of modern communication and 
transportation has been to deny the oceans their 
historic role as natural barriers. Interaction be- 
tween nations will increase as technology allows 
333-091 O-69—6 
more ocean resources to be harvested economi- 
cally. 
A stable and predictable legal environment will 
be required. Technology should be considered in 
framing laws to ensure their enforceability and 
realistic applicability to prospective activities. The 
latter quality is particularly important because 
development and utilization of ocean resources 
involve major capital investment. 
In some cases, the most valuable assistance the 
United States can give less advanced nations is the 
technological knowhow to develop their own 
industry. Technology can be expanded to support 
profitable ocean exploitation and meaningful in- 
ternational scientific programs. 
National security is much more than classic 
military might—submarines, missiles, aircraft car- 
riers, and destroyers. In its broadest sense, it is the 
action a nation must take to maintain its position 
in world affairs. The United States does not and 
should not fulfill all its needs from resources 
within its boundaries. More than 98 per cent of 
U.S. international commerce is carried by ships. 
Control to assure free use of the seas is basic to 
national security. But such control of the sea is 
relative, not absolute, applying equally to friend 
and foe. 
Seapower is best built on a sound base of 
industrial and commercial ocean development, 
providing knowledge and trained manpower for 
times of military need. This emphasis would 
minimize Navy expenditures for in-house develop- 
ment, yet would provide a viable foundation for 
the future. The Navy must keep informed con- 
stantly of non-military ocean activity. Its develop- 
ment program should emphasize long range items 
necessary to national security, such as deep sub- 
mergence systems, which do not now attract a 
large amount of commercial activity. 
Il. TRENDS INFLUENCING MARINE DEVEL- 
OPMENT 
The marine environment will become increas- 
ingly important, and national interest in and 
emphasis on the exploration and utilization of the 
undersea frontier will increase accordingly. Effec- 
tive planning of technology development must be 
based on estimates of future trends and needs 
induced by both natural and man-made influences. 
VI-17 
