A great scientific effort is needed. There should 
be close interaction of the scientist with the 
engineer to facilitate the effort. The overall devel- 
opment of marine science has suffered from the 
lack of communication between the two, and the 
present relative paucity of knowledge stems in 
large measure from the past lack of adequate 
equipment. Essential in studying or exploiting the 
ocean for any purpose are the necessary tools. 
Despite the need for improved marine engineering 
and technology support, engineering institutions 
have not emphasized problems of the oceans. 
Oceanographic research operations are costly in 
terms of manpower, especially considering the 
limited number of oceanographers. In 1966, the 
United States graduated only 24 doctorate level 
oceanographers compared to 100 for the Soviets. 
Since manpower resources are limited, improved 
tools and equipment should be emphasized. Both 
parties, the scientist and engineer, are responsible 
for better cooperation in the future. 
Insufficient funds allocated to scientific proj- 
ects have generally made impossible improved 
engineering support. It is probable that the scien- 
tist will demand the better tools and equipment 
technology can provide. This is underscored by the 
fact that scientists at the Woods Hole Oceano- 
graphic Institution waited in an almost endless line 
to use the Alvin submersible. 
The science-engineering interaction also works 
the other way. Although Sir John Baker may have 
been correct when he said, “Science earns no 
dividends until it has been through the mills of 
technology,” development of new technology of- 
ten waits for scientific breakthroughs. For ex- 
ample, aquaculture will benefit from scientific 
advances in fish genetics. Deep sea nodule mining 
will benefit from understanding the ocean mineral 
precipitation process. 
B. Outerspace—Hydrospace 
Much has been said about the fallout of space 
technology applicable to the ocean environment. 
Meteorological satellites continuously observing 
global weather patterns obtain critical forecasting 
data from unpopulated oceanic regions. Communi- 
cations satellites have spanned vast ocean areas. 
Unfortunately, observations are limited to 
ocean surface features. The totally different sub- 
surface environment usually means totally new 
solutions to problems. Aerospace talents and 
philosophy of approach can and are being applied 
to ocean problems, especially in fundamental 
technology, systems engineering, and systems man- 
agement. Although many problems such as navi- 
gation and communication have technical similari- 
ties, actual hardware solutions are often very 
different. 
Operational designs cannot be assessed without 
environmental data. Instrumentation, sensor, re- 
cording, storing, and processing systems are essen- 
tial for environmental profiling. For example, 
determining effects of marine life on acoustical 
properties requires special marine test equipment. 
Bottom bearing strength, shear and plastic flow 
strength, core samples, turbidity susceptibility, 
bottom stability, and seismic activity data are 
needed to establish design criteria. Space instru- 
mentation cannot serve these needs. Also, space 
simulation facilities which emphasize low pressures 
have little application to the high pressure needs of 
hy drospace. 
Aerospace power source needs have brought 
fuel cells out of the research laboratory and 
transformed them into practical devices. They 
have advanced considerably the state-of-the-art 
and have provided impetus to the fuel cell industry 
for lower cost construction, standard sizes, and 
mass production techniques. These advancements 
have provided a technological base from which 
development of undersea power systems can pro- 
ceed at a greatly reduced cost. However, special- 
ized development is still necessary to adapt this 
basic development to the marine environment. 
Aerospace technology has contributed struc- 
tural design techniques, high strength-to-weight 
metals, and composite structures. This technology 
has been applied to design and fabrication of 
submersible pressure hulls and hard tanks, outer 
hull or fairing structures, and flotation spheres. 
Advanced pressure hull design entails the use of 
detail stress analysis, shell buckling theory, and 
experimental stress analysis techniques largely 
developed in the aerospace industry. Rocket 
motor technology involving flaw detection, alloy- 
ing, and processing of materials has been used in 
development work for deep submersibles. 
Titanium is an example of a high-strength metal 
developed by the aerospace industry, but it re- 
quires substantial modification before application 
to deep ocean vehicles. Space technology has not 
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