concerned itself with the unique ocean needs of 
resistance to stress corrosion and crack propaga- 
tion. Fabrication and welding techniques for thick 
sections, critical to deep submergence programs, 
have not been an aerospace requirement. 
Deep ocean vehicles are limited in pressure hull 
volume, requiring many electrical components 
mounted externally. Those retained inside the 
pressure hull must conform to strict requirements 
on heat generation, size, weight, and electro- 
magnetic interference. Aerospace technology in 
the areas of solid-state devices and switches, 
miniaturization and packaging design, circuit de- 
sign, and reduction of interference effects is 
applicable to ocean vehicle problems. However, 
space technology does not provide answers to such 
electrical system requirements as penetration of 
pressure-hulls and water-tight electrical connectors. 
Frequently, aerospace-developed hydraulic 
pumps, motors, and valves have been utilized 
directly off-the-shelf, but usually these have been 
unreliable in the undersea environment. Aerospace 
technology has led to advances in viscosity index, 
oxidation and corrosion inhibition, long term 
storage, and high and low temperature characteris- 
tics bearing on the successful application of 
hydraulics to marine systems. However, there are 
no hydraulic systems or qualified hydraulic fluids 
currently functioning at high pressures up to the 
16,500 psi required for deep ocean systems. 
Reliable communications is critical to effective 
diver and submersible operations. Unlike radio and 
telemetry methods and equipment available world- 
wide for surface communications, undersea op- 
erations depend upon acoustics and cables as the 
primary means of information transfer. Under- 
water sound transmission suffers from refraction, 
attenuation, and limitations of spectral range. 
For rendezvous and mating of submerged vehi- 
cles, six degrees of freedom are involved, just as for 
a Gemini-Agena docking. However, an additional 
complication under water is variable ocean cur- 
rents. Controllers have been developed from les- 
sons learned in aircraft and spacecraft to provide 
submersible pilots with controls for rotation in 
pitch, roll, and yaw and translation in surge, sway, 
and heave. Aerospace technology has led to the 
use of a modified computer and a modified inertial 
guidance system from the Polaris program in the 
Deep Submergence Rescue Vehicle. 
A parallel is readily apparent between space and 
undersea life support requirements. Work in sub- 
marine non-regenerable life support systems served 
as the basis for the original systems for spacecraft, 
resulting in advanced non-regenerable systems. 
This knowledge is now being used to provide 
sophisticated life support systems for small deep 
submersibles with comparable volume and power 
limitations. 
Space technology can contribute little to the 
special certification requirements and procedures 
needed for undersea vehicle pressure hull mate- 
rials, hard tank structure, penetration fittings, and 
piping. However, common safety requirements 
exist for crew protection from toxic fumes, fire, 
smoke, and atmospheric contaminants. 
Indeed, aerospace technology has been useful in 
solving ocean systems problems. However, the 
degree of applicability should not be over stressed 
since once the undersea environment is penetrated, 
new technological solutions are usually needed. 
Vi. INFLUENCE OF TECHNOLOGY ON THE 
LAW OF THE SEA 
Although the trends and relationships discussed 
above will affect technology development, prob- 
ably the reverse will be true in the law of the sea. 
Society tends to move as an organic whole and the 
advancement of technology is inevitable. 
Laws must be tailored to the needs of society 
and to the technology which is integral to their 
enforcement. The technology of the sea will 
undergo drastic change and that change has barely 
begun. Saturation diving, submersible vehicles, and 
undersea habitation will become commonplace. 
The essence of the change will be the replacement 
of present ocean surface technology with totally 
submerged technology. 
There will be critical problems to solve, but 
when they are solved, the ability to work in the 
subsea environment will become increasingly easy. 
In the undersea area, law must respond to a 
rapidly developing technology. The law will be 
greatly challenged to keep pace. 
