within 10 years. Emphasis should be given to 
corrosion resistance, fabrication methods, and cost 
reductions. 
—Nonmetallics. Large glass structures for 20,000 
feet should be manufactured and tested to prove 
reliability. Construction methods and quality con- 
trol techniques should be stressed. Glass fiber 
reinforced plastic and ceramic structures should be 
built and evaluated against glass, titanium, and 
steel; efforts should be dropped if no clear 
feasibility is shown within 10 years. GRP work 
should emphasize reliability, resistance to delam- 
ination, and reduction of water absorption. 
Supplemental buoyancy material should be 
developed with a major effort to provide a 
low-density, acceptable-strength product having 39 
pounds of buoyancy per cubic foot. 
A program to develop secondary materials 
should be emphasized to provide the needs of new 
systems exposed to seawater. More vigorous re- 
search into ocean causes and effects (Section I, 
Environmental Considerations) would feed direc- 
tly into this program. 
A more comprehensive program should be 
organized to ensure proper information transfer 
among user, materials supplier, and designer to 
ensure proper testing of materials. Basic materials 
data should be made available in handbook form 
to the designer, especially for some nonmetals and 
coatings. A system also is needed for the orderly 
and accurate feedback of service experience infor- 
mation. Testing results should be standardized. 
E. Navigation and Communications 
Navigation and positioning are prime requisites 
to safe and successful operations on and beneath 
the sea. Traditionally, the U.S. Government has 
supplied geodesy, chartmaking, and navigational 
aids to its own agencies, industry, commerce, and 
individuals (Figure 7). While there are many 
surface navigational aids, they generally lack pre- 
cision for operations out of sight of land. 
Communications systems are essential to intelli- 
gence interchange (including telemetry) among 
submersibles, support platforms or ships, undersea 
stations, buoys, and associated satellites or air- 
craft. Safety demands reliable communications 
equipment. Primary reliable communication links 
VI-46 
Figure 7. New Ambrose offshore buoy re- 
placing Ambrose lightship off entrance to New 
York Harbor, an aid to navigation long pro- 
vided by U.S. Government. (Coast Guard photo) 
must be provided for command and control and 
for emergencies. Acoustic frequency and power 
level allocations will be required as undersea 
activity increases. 
1. Navigation, Geodesy, and Positioning 
a. Current Situation Navigation, used here, 
means the location of one point on the earth’s 
surface in relation to another. Geodesy is the 
science of determining the three dimensional 
coordinates of locations (geodetic control points) 
on the earth’s surface. Positioning is locating 
oneself relative to a local reference not necessarily 
established geodetically. 
Marine surveys normally are positioned by 
shore based electronic systems. Multiple methods 
are sometimes used, including shore based, inertial, 
satellite, bathymetric, and acoustic systems. Selec- 
tion depends upon availability, repeatability or 
accuracy, distance of operations from shore, and 
purpose. 
Distance from shore of commercial develop- 
ments in the ocean regions is increasing, with no 
