(1) Batteries 
(2) Fuel Cells 
(3) Nuclear 
b. Alternating Current Circuits 
c. Electrokinematics and Magnetic Cir- 
cuits 
Electrostatics and Dielectric Circuits 
Electrical Connectors and Cables 
f. Electromagnetic Interference Reduc- 
tion 
g. Connectors, Conductors, and Cable 
Properties 
VIII. Bio-Engineering 
a. Human Factors 
b. | Diver Decompression Tables 
c. Diver Gas Mixtures vs. Depth Tables 
d. Life Support Systems 
IX. Communications 
X. Safety and Certification 
APPENDIX A-—Table of Definitions 
APPENDIX B—Milestones in Undersea History 
g. Conclusions A great need exists to map 
synoptically the physical and dynamic ocean and 
ocean bottom processes. The expendable bathy- 
thermograph has provided a revolutionary tool to 
map temperatures. Similar systems are needed to 
measure sound velocity, waves, and currents. 
Knowledge of probable extremes in the ocean 
environment is insufficient to establish engineering 
design criteria. Variations within the sea and the 
sea floor are little known or understood relative to 
land variations. Exploitation of the deep sea and 
the continental shelf will require detailed informa- 
tion on the interrelationships of temperature, 
pressure, salinity, and currents and on the effects 
of fouling and corrosion on materials, bottom 
mounted structures, cables, buoy moorings, and 
systems. 
Underwater soil mechanics affects all missions 
involving objects attached to or in contact with 
the ocean floor. Soils information is important to 
(1) preparation of foundations for structures and 
installations, (2) bottom sitting or crawling sub- 
mersibles, (3) drilling, coring, dredging, pile driv- 
ing, mining, and production, (4) waste disposal, 
and (5) salvage, rescue, and recovery. Soil mechan- 
ics state-of-the-art is not adequate for effective 
VI-70 
sampling, | 
alone prediction. Yet these data must 
be more reliable for ocean than for land applica- 
tion. 
For military applications (especially in antisub- 
warfare) the advent of new detection 
systems utilizing bottom bounce and convergence 
zone modes has emphasized the need to measure 
ocean floor acoustic characteristics. 
Bottom loss characteristics are little known, 
because present systems and techniques are inade- 
quate to measure detailed topography, acoustic 
properties of sediments at all frequency ranges and 
grazing angles, and bottom losses. The marine 
geophysical surveys sponsored by the Naval Ocean- 
ographic Office have provided new and valuable 
information, but more is needed. 
marine 
Recommendations: 
New and improved instruments and instrument 
suits must be developed for oceanographic sam- 
pling and measurement including means of: 
—Improving underwater optical visibility. 
—Viewing and recording bottom features without 
using the visible spectrum. 
—Making rapid, in situ measurements of the mass 
physical properties of both water and marine 
sediments, and of other properties to provide 
engineering data for seafloor construction. 
—Making rapid, continuous in situ analysis of 
chemical properties, Eh, and pH of sea-water and 
bottom sediments. 
—Making rapid, continuous surveys of bottom 
topography. 
A vigorous program should be pursued to 
examine, understand, and determine subsea physi- 
cal, biological, and geological environmental condi- 
tions as they affect engineering design. The data 
critical to engineering design should be accumu- 
lated and published in handbooks, technical 
memoranda, and engineering data sheets and up- 
dated continuously as knowledge permits. 
Effective surface, diver, or submersible- 
emplaced, engineering-oriented, in situ sampling 
and measuring devices must be developed to 
characterize the ocean floor and sub-bottom and 
to study turbidity currents over long periods, if 
