cation-navigation aid emplacement and mainte- 
nance, and salvage—especially in regions where 
ice and severe weather predominate. 
The mother submarine could be the forerunner 
of an undersea logistic vessel supporting a sub- 
merged Navy and a variety of manned bottom 
installations. Further, it could be a mobile under- 
sea support laboratory. Significant performance 
parameters of this mobile support submersible, 
recommended as a National project, would in- 
clude: 
—Depth capability of at least 1,000 feet. A 
2,000-foot depth capability is desirable if the 
primary technology to be developed (submerged 
support) is not compromised. 
—Submerged endurance of at least 30 days, but 
modest speeds of five to 10 knots. Nuclear power 
would be desirable. 
—Transport, launch, recovery, logistic support, and 
command control capabilities for small sub- 
mersibles. 
—Saturated diver lockout, support, and decom- 
pression to at least 1,000 feet, preferably 2,000 
feet as recommended above. Bottom sitting capa- 
bility required. 
—Retrieval and transportation of objects beyond 
the lift capacity of small submersibles. 
—Oceanographic data collection and survey capa- 
bility. 
—Internal and external servicing of submersibles 
while submerged. This servicing would largely be 
performed by saturated divers either in the water 
or in an ambient pressure compartment. 
In addition, designs for transport and submersi- 
ble support submarines and for special terminals, 
including modification of existing ports and devel- 
opment of underwater ports, will be needed. 
4. Military Submarines 
a. Current Situation Many factors are focusing 
upon one unassailable conclusion—the importance 
of the military submersible in modern warfare. 
The advantage gained by concealment under the 
surface is of great importance. The historic success 
of submarine warfare emphasizes the necessity for 
preeminence in this field of military readiness. The 
submarine in the past has developed two of the 
principles of warfare to a fine quality—those of 
surprise and offensive. 
Since World War II a development has taken 
place which has revolutionized the art of sub- 
marine operations and made possible the true 
submersible. No longer is the submarine forced to 
depend on the atmosphere for battery charging 
and human habitation. This development, the 
adaptation of nuclear power to naval propulsion, 
has enabled radically new concepts to be at- 
tempted. 
Many factors, some military and others civilian, 
should be considered in the development and 
construction of military submarines. Russia and 
China are placing increased emphasis on the 
undersea area and are building submarines at an 
increasing rate. Commercial offshore technology 
development and resource recovery activities 
(particularly oil and gas) are accelerating. The 
capability to protect domestic ocean industry is a 
Navy responsibility that must enlarge as offshore 
activity expands. Even if international regulation 
and registration are established for deep sea areas, 
this capability is vital to national interests. 
All of these activities influence Navy programs. 
In addition to well-established roles of antisub- 
marine warfare (ASW) and missile launching, 
requirements for such missions as surveillance, 
intelligence gathering, inspection, and logistics 
support forecast an expanded military subsurface 
role. 
The U.S.S.R. has not remained unimpressed by 
the advantages of submarine warfare systems; that 
strong nation maintains a huge submarine fleet and 
is rapidly converting its fleet to nuclear propulsion 
without sacrificing numbers. It is important that 
the nation as a whole be apprised of this and hence 
lend support to future oceanic plans and programs. 
Wartime ASW includes detection, classification, 
localization, attack, and destruction of enemy 
submarines. U.S. submarines have benefited from 
an extensive quieting program, and it would be a 
mistake to assume that the Soviets cannot accom- 
plish a similar objective. Long term reliance on 
present sonar detection, classification, and locali- 
zation systems cannot be an acceptable alternative. 
Research and development on ASW implications 
of additional depth capability to the sound chan- 
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