Figure 41 (Continued) 
Control Environ- 
Techniques or mental 
Systems! Number? 
Bring in high capacity fuel transfer 
system (hose, jets, helicopter- 
hose system) 3 
Bring in emergency receiving system 
(corrals, flexible containers, etc.) 3 
Bring in emergency pump power 
source 3 
Burn combustible liquids 3 
Evaporate oil — high temperature 3(5) (7) 
Act to free ship (sacrificial approach 
with outside system for rapid 
help) 3 
Corral oil (equipment carried 
aboard tanker or with 
helicopter aid) 4 
Corral oil with other outside aids 4(5) 
Use foams in other ways 4(5) 
Use large-scale corralling 5 
Sink oil 5(7) 
Use surface oil evaporation equipment 5 
Corral oil with equipment shipped in 5(7) 
Use water surface cleaner, ship- or 
air-mobile 5(7) 
Airdrop light-weight surface cleaning 
materials 6(7) 
Use chemical combustion promoters 6(7) 
Use combustion sustainers such as 
artificial straw 6(7) 
Use surface cleaning ships (high 
speed, high capacity) 7 
Use skimmer 7) 
Use corrals 7/ 
IMost of the remedial systems of Figure 41 are not 
existing systems. There are few systems available now, 
and existing systems either have not been adequately 
tested or results of their tests have not been published. 
2 : , 
Numbers in parentheses are alternate environmental 
numbers. 
Source: Trident Engineering Associates, Inc., ‘’A Possible 
Solution to Pollution of the Sea and Shore by Oil 
Tankers,’’ unpublished report to the Commission (Annap- 
olis, Maryland, 1968), pp. 3-5. 
The primary development objectives are actu- 
ally conventional, since they call for the cheapest, 
lightest, smallest system that will do the job. 
However, other factors require consideration: 
~The system will be in some way handling 
hundreds of thousands of gallons of crude oil—a 
substance normally the consistency of lukewarm 
tar. The objective will be to dispose of the 
contaminant before it damages nearby shore facili- 
ties. Therefore, the rate at which the system works 
is important. 
—Tankers, like any other vessel, are more likely to 
suffer damage in rough weather. In such weather 
high winds move escaping contaminants toward 
shorelines most rapidly. Therefore, any system 
must have good sea-keeping qualities, functioning 
well under very unfavorable conditions. 
—Even the emergency equipment installed aboard 
ship to save sailors’ lives often receives cursory 
maintenance. Equipment to preserve beaches, 
wildlife, and shoreline industry and property 
probably would receive even less attention. There- 
fore, the system must withstand being unused for 
years with little or no preventive maintenance. 
3. Conclusions 
Data collected by infrared imaging systems can 
be used for quantitative and qualitative water 
pollution studies. Qualitative evaluations of 
imagery using oblique three-dimensional displays 
and stereo coverage will allow the interpreter to 
sense the true intensity relationships. The poten- 
tial of color-coding specific radiation levels and 
developing false color imagery has been demon- 
strated. These techniques and their variations 
should make possible more effective systems to 
monitor pollution. 
Oil and other hazardous substances are a 
continuing major pollution threat to the inland, 
nearshore and offshore waters of our Nation. 
Catastrophe can occur anywhere or anytime, 
especially in areas of high population concentra- 
tion. Methods to combat major pollution accidents 
are entirely inadequate. 
Recommendations: 
Detailed research and development programs in 
infrared imagery use for pollution monitoring 
should be increased. 
A major systems program should be imple- 
mented to cope effectively with the accidental 
pollution of the Nation’s waters by oil and other 
hazardous substances, including investigation of 
VI-105 
