research and development, and modern procure- 
ment policies. Similar procedures made large 
defense and communications systems possible. 
The broad and complex _ interrelationship 
between harbor and waterfront development must 
include the following Federal programs: 
—The civil works program of the Army Corps of 
Engineers. 
—The water pollution and fish and wildlife pro- 
grams of the Department of the Interior. 
—The urban renewal, open space, urban beautifica- 
tion, historic preservation, water and sewers 
grants, public facility loans, and public works 
planning programs of the Department of Housing 
and Urban Development. 
—The economic development, trade promotion, 
technical assistance, business loan, and port plan- 
ning programs of the Department of Commerce. 
—The transportation systems, transportation facili- 
ties, urban freeway, and Coast Guard port and 
maritime programs of the Department of Trans- 
portation. 
—The surplus facilities disposal programs of the 
General Services Administration and of the 
Department of Defense. 
Forecasts of port needs, identification of urban 
renewal opportunities and desirable recreation 
areas, delineation of pollution problems, and 
determination of means of financing all need 
study. 
The United States is on the threshold of a 
revolutionary change in merchant shipping. For 
economy of operation the trend is to larger sizes, 
deeper drafts, smaller crews, better cargo handling 
facilities, and higher speeds. Most of today’s ports 
will be obsolete and unable to handle the more 
cost-effective ships. Offshore handling and unload- 
ing facilities will be needed where it will be 
impractical to provide for the greatly increased 
ship drafts. The efficiency of larger, more auto- 
mated ships will require concentration in a few 
large, well equipped ports rather than many small 
ports. Ports should be located away from con- 
gested downtown areas providing ample room to 
exchange cargo rapidly, to return the ships to sea, 
and to redistribute the cargo for overland ship- 
ment. 
In the past, the Corps of Engineers has 
responded to the demand for deeper harbor 
facilities by progressively deepening these major 
ports. However, they are encountering serious 
obstacles that constrain future dredging: (1) 
damage to water supplies by salt water intrusion 
into aquifers, (2) dislocation of private property 
adjacent to harbors and channels, (3) relocation of 
major land transportation and communications 
facilities, (4) replacement of such major navigation 
structures as locks, (5) encountering bedrock, 
conduits, vehicular tunnels, etc., (6) disposal of 
dredged spoil, and (7) disruption of harbor ecol- 
ogy. 
The greatest obstacle to harbor development is 
the cost of relocations and dislocations resulting 
from channel enlargement. Major harbors have 
such extensive industrial developments at waters 
edge that harbor or channel improvement requires 
relocation of industrial, commercial, and residen- 
tial structures. 
At Oakland, California, harbor deepening 
would result in very high costs for modifying 
Army, Navy, and city waterfront facilities. The 
Chelsea River Channel in Boston Harbor is dredged 
nearly berth-to-berth in several locations, and 
dislocations will be required if dredging proceeds 
to greater depths. In New Orleans, producing oil 
wells located on and adjacent to the banks along 
the Calcasieu River, Pass Channel, and the Missis- 
sippi River Channel must be moved if the channels 
are enlarged. 
Examples of major land transportation facilities 
that must be relocated include highway tunnels at 
Oakland, Baltimore, Norfolk, Mobile, and the 
mouth of the Chesapeake Bay. The many highway, 
rail, and subway tunnels crossing New York 
Harbor constitute an outstanding example. 
The problem of removing increasing quantities 
of rock to accomplish harbor deepening is a 
problem associated with particular harbors. On the 
Gulf Coast dredging very long approaches through 
unconsolidated sediments covering the gently slop- 
ing adjacent shelf is a problem. 
Deeper dredging creates water conservation 
problems by permitting the intrusion of the salt 
water farther up fresh water streams or rivers and 
by damage to the protective covering of fresh 
water aquifers. The problem of damage to water 
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