Figure 28. Artist's concept of open sea aqua- 
culture. (Westinghouse photo) 
require recognition of the need for a systematic 
approach and a cooperative relationship between 
Government and industry. 
Widespread, low-intensity aquaculture, as prac- 
ticed in many developing countries where large 
areas are available for the purpose, may result in 
relatively low yields and profits. The potential of 
aquaculture is greatest in these places where 
improved technology may be expected to increase 
yields greatly. 
Recommendations: 
A program to coordinate and foster aquaculture 
should be established and managed by the Federal 
Government. This program should focus on tech- 
nology needed for potential commercial applica- 
tions. Use should be made of Government, State, 
academic, and industrial facilities. The program 
goals should be directed toward both domestic and 
world aquaculture needs. 
An intensive program to strengthen and expand 
the scope of Federal laboratories engaged in 
aquaculture would be of great benefit to industry 
and would allow further research in fertilization, 
nutrition, population ecology, pathology, predator 
and pest control, soil chemistry and biology, and 
design and construction of ponds, lagoons, and 
estuarine impoundments. 
In view of the improvement in salmon produc- 
tion, an economic, political and ecological inquiry 
333-091 O-69—15 
should be made of the rationale of changing 
escapement quotas in certain estuaries on the West 
Coast. 
11. OFFSHORE OIL AND GAS 
A. Scope of Offshore Industry 
1. Worldwide 
a. Investment Cumulative investment, now near 
$18 billion, is likely to triple in the next decade. 
b. Production—Reserves Free World offshore 
production, quadrupled since 1960, now repre- 
sents about 8 per cent of Free World output. 
Offshore proven reserves, tripled since 1960, now 
account for about 14 per cent of the Free World 
total. If the figures include production from 
protected waters, (such as Venezuela’s Lake Mara- 
caibo, which alone produces 2 million barrels per 
day (b/d) and bays such as along the U.S. Gulf 
Coast) the percentage rises from 8 to 16 per cent. 
The Persian Gulf in the Middle East has most of 
the Free World’s offshore oil reserves and provides 
about one-fourth of current world offshore pro- 
duction. 
Figure 29 depicts offshore activity in the 80 
Free World countries; it does not include pro- 
tected waters but represents true continental shelf 
activities. Thus, whereas the figure shows 1967 
Free World production at 2.4 million b/d, it is 
almost 5.0 million b/d if Lake Maracaibo and 
other inland water areas are considered. The Far 
East and Africa represent the fastest growing areas. 
It is estimated that by 1980 total over-water 
production from the continental shelves and pro- 
tected waters will rise to 20 million b/d, or about 
one-third estimated total production. 
Offshore activity ranges from early seismic 
work to full-scale production operations. The pace 
has been increasing sharply since 1960 in all 
geographic areas. Most jack-up and  semisub- 
mersible offshore rigs built in the past two years 
have gone into foreign service because of the 
expected increased offshore activity in those areas 
in the next few years. 
2. United States 
a. Investment The petroleum industry has in- 
vested about $7.5 billion in offshore Louisiana, 
VI-161 
