Oceanography 
All the oceanographic work was performed with the aid of an 
American Hoist Co. winch, powered by a Wisconsin four-cylinder gasoline 
motor. The system was bulky but it possessed the required power for the 
heavier equipment, such as piston corer and bottom camera. The cable 
from the winch was passed over a meter wheel supported by a tripod and 
then down through the hydrographic hole. An external counter was provided 
so that the wire length was easily read by the winch operator. A dynamometer 
was used to permit a sensitive determination of the ocean bottom. This was 
constructed by supporting the meter block from one end of a lever which 
was held down at the other end by a heavy-duty spring scale. The winch, 
tripod and hydrographic hole were enclosed during the winter months. During 
summer, operations could be done outside. The most pressing problem in 
the winter was the maintenance of an ice-free hole. This was done at first 
with a system of covers and heaters. Later the heating of the hydrographic 
shelter proved to be a better solution. 
Bottom cores up to seven feet in length were taken with an Ewing 
piston corer. The cores from Station Alpha have been examined and have 
revealed a somewhst persistent layering in this area. A dark foraminiferal 
layer overlies a lighter, sandy, barren section. This is. described more 
fully in the other publications. The cores from Station Charlie have not 
yet been examined in detail. The implications of this layering for ice 
age theory are not fully appreciated, but any theory must explain these new 
facts. 
The first dredges at Alpha revealed the presence of gravel on the 
deep-sea floor. This gravel was apparently rafted out on ice floes and 
dropped to fall to its present location. Subsequent studies on Charlie and 
