business, wages, or production; increased cost of operationj and 

 cost of temporary facilities. 



The primary loss resulting from physical damages and a large 

 part of the related non-physical loss were determined by direct 

 inspection of property and evaluation of losses by the property 

 owner and field investigators or both. The non-physical portion 

 of the primary loss is sometimes difficult to estimate on the 

 basis of information available at a given property. TJhere this 

 condition exists, the relationship between physical and non-phys- 

 ical losses is based on the relationship found for similar proper- 

 ties in the area. 



Secondary tangible losses, consisting of flood-related losses, 

 such as loss of production and wages in areas outside the immediate 

 flood areas, have not been determined. Intangible losses, includ- 

 ing loss of life, health, security, and detrimental effects upon 

 national defense, have not been monetarily evaluated. 



D-2. EXPERIENCED EUU-IAGES 



a. Tidal-flood losses . Tilal flooding caused by "Hurricane 

 Carol^ of 31 August 195U took 19 lives in Rhode Island and left 

 in its wake a total loss of more than ^92,000,000 in the Narragan- 

 sett Bay area of southern Rhode Island and Massachusetts. As in 

 the htirricane of September 1938, which produced flood stages 1 

 foot over the 195U crest and took an estimated 250 lives, the 195U 

 hurricane struck the Narragansett Bay coast at a time close to the 

 peak of the predicted gravitational high tide. The superim.posed 

 hurricane surge produced flooding of extreme depths over extensive 

 areas along the shoreline of the bay. Seaside resort areas and 

 beaches were particularly hard hit. Hundreds of cottages were 

 leveled, and waterfront facilities such as yacht clubs, piers, 

 wharves, boathouses, and bathhouses were heavily damaged at numer- 

 ous locations within the bay. Many exposed beaches were severely 

 eroded. Huge unprotected sections of Cliff lualk at Newport were 

 demolished by the powerful seas. Land was cut back in some areas 

 from 50 to 100 feet, resxilting in a total loss of many acres of 

 developed property. Five bridges sustained heavy damage, and 2 

 were conqsletely destroyed. Damages to highways throu^out the 

 area amounted to over ll, 000, 000. In the bay as a whole, along 

 some 250 miles of exposed shoreline frcm Point Judith to Sakonnet 

 Point, damages to residential and coinmercial property amounted to 

 a total loss of more than $72,000,000. The greatest concentration 

 of damages, amounting to over UO percent of the total urban damage 

 in the bay, occurred in the city of Providence, when widespread 

 areas in the downtown commercial sections of the city were flooded 

 from U to 8 feet ty salt water, polluted by industrial and sani- 

 tary wastes. In addition. Providence industries sustained over 



D-2 



