UNIVERSAL ASPECTS OF ATMOSPHERIC ELECTRICITY 
the year. The evidence now at hand is inadequate for a 
reliable determination of even the qualitative aspects of 
this feature. Except for measurements made on the 
cruises of the Carnegie, data for 7 have been obtained at 
only a few places. 
5. Information which will help better to ascertain 
the electric structure of the thunderstorm. More meas- 
urements of electric field in the vicinity of thunder- 
storms (made simultaneously at a number of stations) 
are required for more types of storms. More measure- 
ments, made within storms, of the electric charge dis- 
tribution are desirable. 
6. More determinations of the rate of regeneration of 
charge, after a lightning discharge. Although the data 
now at hand appear to be comparatively reliable, they 
should be checked because they set a requirement which 
may not be satisfied by any theory which depends upon 
the force of gravity for the large-scale separation of 
charge. 
7. Determination of which of the various known 
processes of initial charge separation occur in a thunder- 
storm. It will doubtless be difficult to find a definite 
answer to this, but the answer should be sought. 
8. Information on how the widely scattered discrete 
charges in a charge-cloud are mobilized for the lightning 
discharge. This is another question for which a more 
definite answer is awaited. 
These are some of the matters in atmospheric elec- 
tricity which deserve attention. Others have been in- 
dicated in the body of this article. 
REFERENCES 
This brief list of treatises and papers is designed chiefly to 
serve as a guide for the reader or investigator who desires to 
read more comprehensive discussions of the subject. Technical 
articles which contain good bibliographies have been given 
preference. These citations, however, should not be used as a 
basis for assigning priority of or credit for discovery. 
I. Treatises. 
1. Fuemine, J. A., ed., Terrestrial Magnetism and Electricity. 
New York, McGraw, 1939. Reprinted with corrections: 
New York, Dover Publications, 1949. The following chap- 
ters bear on atmospheric electricity: 
GisH, O. H., ‘‘Atmospherie Electricity,’’? Chap. IV. 
Torreson, O. W., ‘Instruments Used in Observations of 
Atmospheric Electricity,’’ Chap. V. 
Berkner, L. V., ‘‘Radio Exploration of the Earth’s Outer 
Atmosphere,” Chap. IX. 
ScHonuanp, B. F. J., ‘“‘Thunder-Clouds, Shower-Clouds 
and Their Electrical Effects,’’ Chap. XII. 
Harrapon, H. D., “Bibliographical Notes and Selected 
References,” Chap. XIII. This bibliography contains 
references to other general treatises and to many techni- 
cal papers published prior to 1939. 
Il. Treatises Published since 1939. 
2. CHatmers, J. A., Atmospheric Electricity. New York, 
Oxford, 1949. 
119 
3. Israi, H., Das Gewitter. Leipzig, Akad. Verlagsges., 1950. 
4. Maurain, C., La Poudre. Paris, A. Colin, 1948. 
5. Mirra, 8. K., The Upper Atmosphere. Calcutta, The Royal 
Asiatie Society of Bengal, 1948. 
III. Technical Papers and Reviews. 
6. Aut, J. P., and Maucuty, 8. J., ‘Ocean Magnetic and 
Electric Observations Obtained aboard the Carnegie, 
1915-21.”” Res. Dept. Terr. Magn., Carneg. Inst. Wash. 
Publ. No. 175, 5: 197-286 (1926). 
7. Bricarp, J., ‘“L’Equilibre ionique de la basse atmosphére.”’ 
J. geophys. Res., 54: 39-52 (1949). 
8. Brooks, C. E. P., ‘“‘The Distribution of Thunderstorms 
over the Globe.’’ Geophys. Mem., 3: 145-164 (1925). 
9. Dinerr J. E. and Gun, R., “Electrical Effects Asso- 
ciated with a Change of State of Water. Terr. Magn. 
atmos. Hlect., 51: 477-494 (1946). 
10, Everuine, H., und Wicanp, A., ‘“‘Spannungsgefille und 
vertikaler Leitungsstrom in der freien Atmosphire, nach 
Messungen bei Hochfahrten im Freiballon.” Ann. 
Phystk., 66: 261-282 (1921). 
11. Fryprtsen, W., ‘“‘Uber die Entstehung der Gewitterelek- 
trizitait.’’ Meteor. Z., 57: 201-215 (1940). 
12. Forsusu, 8S. E., Srincucoms, T. B., and Scurin, M., ‘“The 
Extraordinary Increase of Cosmic-Ray Intensity on 
November 19, 1949.” Phys. Rev., 79: 501-504 (1950). 
13. FrenKEL, J., ‘‘A Theory of the Fundamental Phenomena 
of Atmospheric Electricity.”” J. Phys. (U.S.S.R.), 8: 
285-304 (1944). 
14. Gisu, O. H., and SHerman, K. L., ‘Electrical Conductiv- 
ity of Air to an Altitude of 22 km.’’ Nat. Geogr. Soc. 
Contrib. Tech. Papers, Stratosphere Ser., No. 2, pp. 94— 
116 (1936). 
15. —— Ionic Equilibriwm in the Troposphere and Lower Stra- 
tosphere. Internat. Assoc. Terr. Magn. Hlect., Washing- 
ton Assembly, Sept., 1939. 
16. Gunn, R., “‘The Electricity of Rain and Thunderstorms.” 
Terr. Magn. atmos. Elect., 40: 79-106 (1935). 
17. Scowe1piER, E., Luftelektrizitat. Hinfiihrung in die Geo- 
physik, Bd. Il. Berlin, J. Springer, 1929. (See pp. 291— 
375) 
Die Aufrechterhaltung der elektrischen Ladung der 
Erde. Hamburg, H. Grand, 1932. 
19. Scrase, F. J., ‘“The Air-Earth Current at Kew Observa- 
tory.” Geophys. Mem., Vol. 7, No. 58 (1933). 
20. Torreson, O. W., and others, ‘‘Scientific Results of Cruise 
VII of the Carnegie during 1928-1929. Oceanography, III, 
Ocean Atmospheric-Electrie Results.’’ Carneg. Instn. 
Wash. Publ., No. 568 (1946). 
21. Warr, G. R., ‘“‘“Atmospheric-Electrie Results from Simul- 
taneous Observations over the Ocean and at Watheroo, 
Western Australia.”’ Trans. Amer. geophys. Un., 23: 304— 
308 (1942). 
22. Wuiprie, F. J. W., “Modern Views on Atmospheric Elec- 
tricity.’”’ Quart. J. R. meteor. Soc., 64: 199-213 (1938). 
23. Workman, E. J., Houzur, R. E., and Petsor, G. T., ‘‘The 
Electrical Structure of Thunderstorms.”’ V’ech. Noles nat. 
adv. Comm. Aero., Wash., No. 864 (1942). 
24. Workman, E. J., and Reynoups, 8. E., Thunderstorm 
Electricity. Final Rep., Signal Corps Res. Contract No. 
W-36-039sc-32286, Sept. 30, 1948. (See p. 26) 
18. 
