LARGE-SCALE ASPECTS OF ENERGY TRANSFORMATION OVER THE OCEANS 
The results of the computations on the basis of the 
annual data only are given in Fig. 2. The full set of 
seasonal evaporation charts upon which the annual Q, is 
based will appear in the publication to which reference 
has previously been made [10]. The computations show 
that the regions of greatest energy exchange are on the 
western sides of the oceans and around the semiperma- 
East 180 West 
os 
1063 
IV, except for equatorial areas, the values for Q, are 
nearly everywhere greatest during winter and generally 
lowest during summer. However, the summer decrease 
is small within the tropical areas of high evaporation. 
The quantity Q, remains positive during all seasons for 
all areas except in the North Pacific north of latitude 
55° and west of 160°W, and in the North Atlantic waters 
Fre. 2.—The annual values of the rate of energy loss from the sea surface through evaporation Q. over the North Atlantic 
and North Pacific, expressed in calories per square centimeter per day. (The values above can be converted into rough evapora- 
tion rates by considering that the isometric interval of 50 cal em-? day is approximately equivalent to an evaporation rate of 
12 in. yr.) 
Taste IV. Seasonan VALUES or Q, IN DirreRENT LatiTuDE ZONES (in cal em™~ day +) 
North Atlantic North Pacific 
North latitude zone 
Dec.—Feb. Mar.—May June—Aug. Sept.—Nov. Dec.—Feb. Mar.—May June-Aug. Sept.—Nov. 
0% 5° 144 162 203 181 167 127 185 186 
5°-10° 219 191 149 148 211 200 181 172 
10°-15° 249 220 195 170 234 242 192 180 
15°-20° 250 198 211 202 240 232 224 203 
20°-25° 220 159 176 197 268 212 204 232 
25°-30° 234 169 136 246 276 189 153 231 
30°-35° 247 171 119 232 260 145 98 216 
35°-40° 342 193 108 264 268 149 74 234 
40°—-45° 250 123 56 193 169 81 37 148 
45°-50° 207 98 25 127 100 59 22 104 
50°-55° 246 112 64 142 97 69 26 111 
55°-60° 260, 104 43 147 109 49 30 77 
nent high-pressure fields. The values for Q, on the east- 
ern sides of the oceans are generally smaller. The 
absolute maximum value for Q, for all oceans occurs in 
the North Atlantic in winter within the Gulf Stream 
between latitudes 35°N and 40°N and about 700 miles 
east of the Virginia Capes, where the average Q, is 
about 670 cal em? day~?. The maximum value in the 
North Pacific, 550 cal em~? day, occurs farther south 
and nearer the coast within the Kuroshio between lati- 
tudes 25°N and 30°N and approximately 300 miles 
northeast of Formosa. As shown by the data in Table 
immediately surrounding Labrador, where slight nega- 
tive values are shown during summer months (where 
€a > @»). A comparison between the data in Table I and 
Table IV indicates that over the oceans as a whole the 
atmosphere is being directly heated by the sea surface 
most rapidly in the higher latitudes, but that it is re- 
ceiving moisture principally in the middle and lower 
latitudes. 
Concerning additional direct methods for determin- 
ing Q, over ocean areas, Miyazaki [15] has attempted 
to apply a modification of the Sverdrup evaporation 
