1066 
of the oceans.* Upon this basis an entirely new chart of 
the annual precipitation over all oceans has been pre- 
pared. 
Then, through the use of published climatological 
data on the seasonal frequencies of precipitation over all 
oceans [38], seasonal precipitation values were com- 
MARINE METEOROLOGY 
to have the energy equivalent Q, given in calories per 
square centimeter per day, for purposes of convenience 
equation (16) was put in the form 
Q, = n* Li P;, (18) 
where n is the number of days in the season. Thus, 
Tasie VI. SzasonaL VALUES OF Q, IN DirreRENT LatitupDE ZonzEs (in cal em day!) 
Latitude zone Dec.—Feb. Mar.—May June-Aug. Sept.—Nov. Dec.—Feb. Mar.—May June—Aug. Sept.—Nov. 
Atlantic Ocean* Pacific Oceant 
50°-60°N 149 115 108 139 102 113 129 165 
40°-50°N 180 134 113 145 146 137 130 159 
30°-40°N 149 115 67 105 157 131 99 102 
20°-30°N 90 62 68 100 115 94 104 98 
10°-20°N 90 54 108 102 98 95 162 171 
0°-10°N 227 237 280 234 248 236 274 255 
0°-10°S 68 101 43 40 155 112 122 82 
10°-20°S 34 30 50 30 165 116 123 125 
20°-30°S 61 70 57 64 115 123 122 100 
30°40°S 74 99 120 99 70 99 129 95 
40°-50°S 100 124 139 116 109 130 135 113 
50°-60°S 133 139 125 102 100 121 89 102 
Indian Ocean Mediterranean Sea Areat 
40°-45°N = = = = 108 52 24 83 
30°-40°N —_ — = = 95 73 32 86 
20°-30°N 39 20 178 80 — = = — 
10°-20°N 60 69 274 192 = = —_— — 
0°-10°N 164 149 206 226 = —_— —_— — 
0°-10°S 266 219 241 256 — _ — — 
10°-20°S 195 177 163 120 _ _ — — 
20°-30°S 82 106 100 50 = — — — 
30°-40°S 68 96 132 91 — —_— — — 
40°-50°S 117 132 144 123 = = — — 
* Includes the North Sea and ocean areas east of 10°W— areas which are not included in computations for other Q values 
+ Includes sea areas from 120°E to 100°E— areas which are not included in the computations for other Q values. 
t Includes the Adriatic Sea. 
puted for each ten-degree square through the use of 
the expression 
», 18, pi GD 
j=1 
where P, is the seasonal precipitation rate (¢ em 
season!), P, is the annual precipitation, and F’,, is the 
seasonal frequency of Greenwich Meridian noon ob- 
servations showing precipitation of any type. The com- 
plete series of seasonal (and annual) charts showing 
precipitation amounts over the oceans, together with 
details concerning the justification and verification of 
the method used, is contained in the publication pre- 
viously referred to [10]. 
Since the precipitation rates over the oceans are given 
in centimeters per season (equivalent to grams per 
square centimeter per season) and since it was desired 
6. The factors to be applied to the regional data (charts) 
prove to be 0.75 for the Atlantic Ocean, 0.70 for the Indian 
Ocean, and 0.55 for the Pacific Ocean. 
where n is 91 and L; is 585 cal g—1, (18) becomes 
Q, = 6.48 P, cal cem~ day. (19) 
On the basis of formula (18) and the precipitation 
data arrived at through the use of (17), computations 
of the seasonal (and annual) values of Q, have been 
made for each ten-degree square over the oceans. The 
seasonal averages arranged by latitude zones are given 
in Table VI. These data show that, in general, Q, m the 
higher latitudes is greatest during the winter season in 
each hemisphere, while in the lower latitudes it is 
greatest during summer. In higher latitudes the minima 
occur during the corresponding summer seasons, and m 
the lower latitudes durmg the sprmg. With respect to 
time, therefore, the periods of maximum and minimum 
Q, in the two hemispheres are exactly out of phase, 
that is, the zonal maxima in one hemisphere tend to 
occur during the months when the corresponding zonal 
minima occur in the opposite hemisphere. This result 
is hardly unexpected. 
More interesting is a comparison between the corre- 
