SOME PROBLEMS OF ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY 
layer may occur. Particularly in the production of grau- 
pel, in which the liquid phase of the water customarily 
occurs in conjunction with the solid phase, such be- 
havior must be expected, as is attested to by the very 
valuable physical experimental work of Lange and 
collaborators [33-36] on the Volta potential between 
the phases. They refer repeatedly in their papers to the 
significance of the molecular forces and the traces of 
chemicals in the orientation processes which run paral- 
lel to the crystallization and the melting. The orienta- 
tion processes consist of wandering of ions, formation of 
double-layers, hydration, and dehydration. Exhaustive 
analyses of trace elements, especially concerning the 
chemical difference between broken-off crystal tips and 
the main mass of the crystal, might lead a step further 
in this case. In this connection, the information re- 
ported by Wall at the Geophysical Institute of the 
University of Frankfurt a. M. in 1948 is also important. 
With the aid of rotating mirrors he was able not only 
to ascertain the dipole character of snow crystals but 
also to observe, even at a low temperature, a liquid layer 
in their interior. The latter phenomenon is possible only 
if the liquid consists of a highly concentrated salt solu- 
tion whose substances serve as condensation nuclei. An 
explanation of the physico-chemical phenomena at the 
interface between ice and mother liquid should, in the 
opinion of the present author, give more fundamental 
information concerning the charging of the particles 
than does the usual assumption of the presence of pie- 
zoelectricity. 
CONCLUSION 
The scope of research in the field of atmospheric 
chemistry could only be sketched in this highly com- 
pressed survey. Several promising lines for research in 
the immediate future have been suggested, with a brief 
discussion of modern methods, results, and working 
hypotheses to serve as a general background. The over- 
all development of a practical “applied atmospheric 
chemistry” is an undertaking which will require two 
or three research teams of not less than eight or nine 
scientists well schooled in analytical and technical meth- 
ods, equipped with first-class laboratory facilities, and 
working in collaboration. They could within a reason- 
able time develop experimental methods of a high de- 
gree of accuracy and speed. Simultaneous serial ob- 
servations of various interrelated chemical substances 
in the atmosphere are badly needed, but very small 
groups will not be in a position to undertake the work 
required. Complementary physical measurements, such 
as nuclei counts and the measurement of ultraviolet 
radiation, should be undertaken simultaneously. 
It is not unreasonable to expect that in a few years 
chemical concepts and techniques will not only be 
available for atmospheric hygiene, but will also be use- 
ful in general weather forecasting. The first rapid and 
usable techniques, important in the field of dynamic 
meteorology, possibly may not be connected with the 
determination of O3; but with determinations of the 
pH value of aerosols and the reduction power. Such uses 
would be particularly valuable in that they would pro- 
1135 
vide a rapid and accurate indication of the motion of air 
masses and equally reliable information about such 
factors as the degree of turbulence. 
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