1318 
Anticyclones—continued 
polar, 621 
forecasting motion of, 625 
transformation to dynamic, 625 
role in general circulation, 621 
temperature structure, 621 
thermal structure, 621, 627 
transformation, 625 
warm, 622 
advective theory, 622 
dynamic theory, 622 
radiative theory, 622 
water-vapor structure, 316 
westerlies and, 623 
Ansleyeloue shear, upper atmosphere, 
upper limit, 604 
Anticyclosis, 780 
Antitrades, air motion, 862 
Anti-twilight arch, 73 
Arago point, 79 
distances, effect of ground reflection 
on, 82 
position, 82 
Aretic, air, seasonal variations, 947 
winter, 948 
atmospheric circulation studies, 942 
Baffin Bay, 960 
central basin, circulation pattern, 948 
circulation patterns, 944 
concepts, 943 
typical, 949 
variations, 949 
climate and tree growth, 954 
climatic control, 953 
climatological problems, 952 
climatology, ecological, 953 
general literature, 952 
in Greenland, 961 
Eurasian, air, seasonal variations, 948 
expedition studies, 944 
extent of, 956 
literature, climatology, 
region, 952 
in North America, 952 
Northern Russia, 952 
over Arctic Ocean, 952 
meteorological problems, 950 
meteorology, 942 
700-mb contour patterns, 946 
North America, air, seasonal varia- 
tions, 947 
North Water, 960 
observational data, 944, 950 
permafrost distribution, 958 
reconnaissance flights, 944 
sea ice, scope for research, 960 
sea-ice distribution, 958 
sea-level pressure, 945 
sea-level pressure charts, 944 
soundings, 930, 947 
tree growth, 954 
tree line, 955 
vegetation, zonal divisions, 955 
weather observation stations, 708, 944 
Argon, content of, in atmosphere, 5 
Aspiration condenser, 147 
Aspirator, Gerdien, 147 
Weger, 147 
Astronomical refraction, 64 
Atmosphere, albedo of cloudless, 25 
ammonia content, 7 
analysis of, 50 
argon content of, 5 
as environment for organisms, 1105 
as hydrodynamic fluid, laboratory 
investigations, 1235 
carbon dioxide content, 3, 4 
carbon monoxide content, 7 
cloud ee, refraction phenomena in, 
Greenland 
composition of, 1 
variations in, 3 
compressible, wave motions in, 414 
f 
INDEX 
Atmosphere—continued 
conductivity, measurement of, 146 
constituents, diffusion coefficients, 321 
molecular properties, 321 
of variable concentrations, 6 
contrast, reduction by, 92 
cooling, 41 
by water-vapor radiation, 43 
density, from meteor deceleration, 360 
dispersion of light rays by, 67 
downcoming radiation from, 38 
electric field, in fair weather, 107 
measurement, 148 
electrical resistance of vertical column, 
energy transfer within, modes of, 544 
exchange of heat with sea surface, 1057 
free, electrical measurements of, 150 
free oscillations in, 306 
future developments, 9 
gases of constant percentage, 5 
heat gain through convection, 1065 
helium content of, 5 
hydrogen content, 6 
ion concentration, measurement, 146 
ion mobility, measurement, 146 
ionizers, 146 
ions, 120 
isotopic composition of gases, 8 
Jupiter, 394 
kinetic energy balance, 544 
krypton content, 5 
light behavior in, 91 
major planets, circulation, 395 
Mars, 392 
methane content, 5 
middle, origin of high temperature in, 
253 
mold distribution, 1109 
neon content, 5 
Neptune, 394 
nitrogen content, 5 
nitrogen dioxide content, 7 
nitrous oxide content, 5 
of other planets, 391 
ozone content, 6, 275 
radio waves in, refraction of, 1290 
radioactive substances in, 155 
radioactivity, 155 
measurement, 155 
by emanometry, 155 
by induction method, 157 
problems, 159 
radon, decrease with height, 158 
radon balance, 158 
radon content, 158 
variations, 157 
removal of organisms from, 1107 
Saturn, 394 
scattering of light in, 76 
solar radiant energy modification by, 
13 
sound propagation in, 366 
sound wave energy in, 368 
stability of permanent, 
isobaric motion, 446 
subjective phenomena, 61 
sulphur dioxide content, 7 
suspensions, 146 
temperature change, by water-vapor 
radiation, 44 
upper see Upper atmosphere 
Uranus, 394 
variation of oxygen content, 3, 933 
Venus, 391 
water vapor density in, 8 
wheat stem rust transport in, 1108 
xenon content, 5 
Atmospheric air, composition of, 3 F 
chemistry see Chemistry, atmospheric 
circulation see also Circulation 
general, studies of, 551 
density distribution, 360 
density, seasonal variations, 360 
horizontal, 
Atmospheric air—continued 
disturbances, classifying, 457 
Teter eal stability properties of, 
454 
electricity see Electricity, atmospheric 
flow, circular vortex, 455 
hydrodynamic equations, 454 
gases, escape, 246 
isotopic composition, 8 
motions, experimental analogies, 1235 
oscillations see Tides, atmospheric 
ozone, theory of, 281 
perturbation theory, basic assump- 
tions, 402 
perturbations, factors involved in, 445 
hydrodynamic instability and theory 
of, 444 
pollution see Pollution, atmospheric 
stability, effect on atmospheric pollu- 
tion, 1146 
testing, 694 
tides see Tides, atmospheric 
turbulence, heat flux due to, 536 
Atomic collisions, types, 267 
number, 263 
particles, 263 
combination, 269 
dissociation of, 268 
ionization of, 268 
spectra, 265 
two- and three-body collision, 269 
processes, reversibility, 267 
transitions, spectra associated with, 
Attachment energy, 263 
Audibility zones, abnormal, sound waves 
through, 371 
Aureole, 71 
Aurorae, 345 
and magnetic storms, 347, 352 
appearance, 347 
Birkeland’s model experiments, 351 
charged corpuscle movement and, 352 
corpuscular theory of, 351 
E-layer of ionosphere during, 353 
F.-layer of ionosphere during, 353 
forms, 347 
flaming, 347 
with ray-structure, 347 
without ray-structure, 347 
in upper atmosphere, 255 
ionosphere and, 352 
magnetic disturbances and, 258 
position in space, 349 
direction of ares, 349 
height statistics, 349 
method of height determination, 349 
position of radiation point, 349 
sunlit aurora, 350 
spectrum, 350 
Stérmer’s calculations and, 352 
use in studying upper atmosphere, 251 
VHF-band reflections from, 354 
Aviation medicine, 1121 
Avogadro’s number, 263 
B 
Babinet point, 79 
position, 82 
Bacteria, marine, exchange between 
earth and atmosphere, 1106 
exchange between earth and 
atmosphere, 1106 
Ball lightning, 141 
Ballo-electricity, 1134 
Balloons, 1214 
altitude performance, 1214 
ascensional rates, 1215 
recording, use in determining ozone 
distribution, 278 
studies, in upper atmosphere, 303 
on temperature, 303 
temperature effects, 1214 
tracking direction finder, 1208 
soil, 
