1326 
Ton counter, Ebert, 147 
Israél, 147 
Ton production, measurement, 146 
Ion spectrum, measurement of, 147 
Tonic equilibrium relation, 103 
Ionic mobilities, 120 
Ionization, air over earth’s surface, 122 
meteoric, 257 
of air, 102 
rate, 121 
Ionization energy, 263 
Tonization potential, 263, 269 
Ionizers, of the atmosphere, 146 
Ionosphere, 250, 334. 
absorption of solar radiation by, 19 
aurorae and, 352 
D-region, 337 
i-layer, during auroral displays, 353 
normal, 337 
sporadic, 337 
Hp-region, 337 
electrical conductivity of air in, 106 
elementary concepts, 335 
Fy-region, 337 
F.-layer during auroral displays, 353 
F,-region, 338 
G-region, 338 
formation mechanisms, 340 
ionization, probable distribution of, 
336 
layers, rise and fall, effect of atmos- 
pherie tides on, 520 
methods for studying, 334 
principal regions, 335 
relations between surface meteorology 
and, 339 
research needed, 340 
temperatures, 339 
typical data, 335 
Tonospheric data, need for more, 257 
Ions, atmospheric, problems in field of, 
126 
chemical adsorption, 130 
concentration, atmospheric, measure- 
ment, 146 
in lower atmosphere, 124. 
positive to negative ratio, 125 
variation with height, 125 
cosmic radiation and, 103 
formation, rates of, measurements, 147 
in atmosphere, 120 
large, balance, 123 
mean life, 125 
measurement, 147 
mobility, atmospheric, measurement, 
146 
mobility values, 121 
recombination, measurement, 147 
slow, nature of, 121 
small, balance, 122 
combination coefficients, 122 
combination with condensation 
nuclei, 123 
recombination of, 123 
Irrigation, artificial, applied micro- 
climatology and, 999 
Isentropic charts, use in meteorological 
analysis, 725 
Isentropic convergence, 586 
Isentropic divergence, 586 
Isentropic shear, anticyclonic, 586 
Isentropic surfaces, dynamic instability, 
584 
inertial motion in, 583 
Isentropic upgliding, 592 
Isohypses, absolute, 772 
relative, 770 
total relative, 772 
Isotopes, 263 
Israél ion counter, 147 
J 
Jet stream, circulation, variations, 560 
in upper troposphere, 604 
INDEX 
Jet stream—continued 
normal characteristics, 553 
of circumpolar vortex, 560 
planetary, blocking waves in, 432 
position and strength, 553 
variations, 560 
Jupiter, atmosphere, 394 
research needed, 397 
meteorological parameters, 392 
Red Spot, 395, 397 
spot periods, distribution, 396 
Jurassic age, climate, 1004 
K 
Kaltlufttropfen, formation, 560, 616, 717 
Karandikar, calculations of heating of 
ozone layer, 299 
Katafront, 771 
Katallobarie system, 635 
Kelvin, theory of atmospheric oscilla- 
tions, 523 
Kern counters, 165, 182 
Kibel’s method, advective models, 473 
Kinetic energy, balance fluctuations, 546 
change, 467 
dissipation, 571 
equation of, 484 
global balance, 568 
a simple system, 569 
equations for the atmosphere, 570 
general considerations, 568 
of gas particles, 268 
of horizontal motions, transfer, 571 
Kleinschmidt, quadratic form, 437 
coordinate system, direction cosines 
for, 437 
Kolmozorot ’s theory, turbulent air flow, 
49) 
Kryophilic surfaces, 225 
Kryophobie surfaces, 225 
Krypton content of atmosphere, 5 
L 
Laboratory investigations, atmospheric 
motions, 1235 
cold fronts, 1238 
cyclone systems, 1238 
cyclones, 1236 
experimental cloud formation, 1255 
general circulation, 1240 
model techniques, 1249 
research needed, 1242 
rotating-pan experiments, 1244 
spherical shell experiments, 1241 
thermal convection, 1239 
tornadoes, 1236 
Lagrangian equations, 405 
Lagrangian system, perturbation equa- 
tions, 408 
perturbations in incompressible fluid 
currents, 412 
Land breezes see Breezes, land and sea 
Landregen, electrical characteristics, 128 
Laplace, theory of atmospheric oscilla- 
tions, 523 
Large-ion balance, 123 
Layers, double, electrical waterfall effect, 
131 
phenomena, effect of water purity 
on, 131 
electrical double, 130 
Leaders, 136 
characteristic data, 100 
continuous, 136 
dart, 136 
mechanism, 136 
Lichtenberg figure, in measurement of 
lightning characteristics, 141 
Light, absorption, 264 
behavior in atmosphere, 91 
emission, 264 
rays, dispersion by atmosphere, 67 
scattering, in the atmosphere, 76 
Lightning, characteristics, 
ments of, 141 
Lightning arrester, for protection of elec- 
trical apparatus, 142 
Lightning discharge, 136 
branching, 136 
channel, 138 
characteristics of, 140 
charge determination, 140 
cloud-to-cloud, 139 
cloud-to-ground, phenomena on ground 
end, 139 
composite stroke, 140 
continuous current with, 138 
current peaks, 139 
density, 141 
forms of, 141 
investigations, 150 
ionization process, 136 
leaders, 136 
mechanism, 136 
cloud to ground, 137 
multiple stroke, 138 
polarity, 141 
potential involved in, 138 
protection against, 142 
radarscope photograph, 1276 
return stroke, 137 
stroke current, 139 
stroke mechanism for high buildings, 
138 
total charge, 140 
wave shape of current peaks, 140 
Lightning protection, 142 
Lightning stroke see Lightning discharge 
Limnology, 1048 
Line spectra, 265 
Liquid-water content, measurement by 
aircraft, 1226 
Long-wave radiation see Radiation, long- 
wave 
Long waves, upper and cyclones, 605 
Looming, 66 
Loschmidt’s number, 263 
M 
measure- 
Mach lines, 422 
Macrometeorology, basic problems, 814 
Macroviscosity, in air flow, 496 
Magnetic link, in measurement of light- 
ning characteristics, 141 
Magnetic storms, aurorae and, 347, 352 
Magnetic variations, use in studying 
upper atmosphere, 251 
Maloja wind, 664 
Map analysis, pressure jump and, 429 
Mars, atmosphere, 392 
research needed, 397 
meteorological parameters, 392 
temperature distribution, 393 
winds on, 393 
Mean-circulation methods of forecasting, 
809, 829 
Mean free path, 268 
Melting processes, 205 
Meridional circulation, idealized, 456 
Meridional indices, 564 
Meridional variations, of total ozone, 331 
Meteor(s), acceleration formula, 359 
astronomical background, 356 
atmospheric research, 357 
based on observation of, 357 
atmospheric temperatures and, 306 
deceleration, air density from, 360 
data, 361 
radio measurement, 363 
heights, 357 
ion cap, 363 
ion trail, earth’s magnetic field and, 
363 
mass determination, 360 
mass loss rate, 359 
photographie observation, 358 
methods, 358 
