1330 
Radio exploration, of upper atmosphere, 
254 
Radio fade-out, 248 
Radio interference, by thunderstorms, 
150 
Radio observation of meteors, 362 
pulse-packet technique, of meteors, 
362 
Radio propagation problems, meteoro- 
logical aspects, 1290 
Radio refractive index, formula for, 1291 
Radio sounding, of ionosphere, 336 
Radio wave propagation, meteorological 
problem, 1294 
Radio waves, in the atmosphere, refrac- 
tion, 1290 
reflections from aurorae, 354 
superrefraction see Superrefraction 
use in studying upper atmosphere, 251 
Radioactive collector, 148 
Radiogesive substances, in atmosphere, 
155 
Radioactivity, atmospheric, 155 
measurement, 155 
by emanometry, 155 
by induction method, 157 
Radiosonde, flight equipment, 1207 
humidity measurement, 1209 
pressure capsule, 1208 
temperature measurement, 1209 
transmitter, 1210 
ground, wind measurement, 1211 
ground equipment, 1211 
measurement, of water vapor, 313 
method of upper atmosphere explora- 
tion, 250 
parachute, 1215 
-radiowind systems, 1207 
shortcomings in cloud observations, 
Radon, atmospheric, decrease with 
height, 158 
balance, of atmosphere, 158 
content, atmospheric, 158 
atmospheric, variations, 157 
exhalation, of ground, 158 
source, 155 
Rain see also Precipitation 
cloud halos before, 1168 
effect on atmospheric pollution, 1147 
electrical storm, electrical characteris- 
ties, 129 
insurance, 982 
quiet, electrical characteristics, 129 
shower or squall, electrical character- 
istics, 129 
torrential, cloud seeding and, 232 
Rainbow phenomena, 70 
Raindrop size, aircraft measurement, 
1228 
measurement, 177 
Rainfall, see also Rain, Precipitation 
atmosphere clearance of organisms, 
1107 
depth, 1033 
maximum, in United States, 1034 
effect of atmospheric pollution on, 1148 
in thunderstorms, 684. 
intensity, 1033 
isohyetal maps, 1034 
mass curves, 1034 
nonorographic, 1039 
barrier height adjustments, 1041 
isobar-isotherm relationships, 1041 
latitude adjustments, 1041 
moisture adjustment, 1040 
storm transposition, 1039 
orographic, 1038 
empirical approaches, 1038 
spillover, 1039 
theoretical barrier methods, 1038 
postglacial, 1008 
probabilities, 1042 
recurrence interval, 1043 
INDEX 
Rainfall—continued 
runoff, forecasting, 1052 
distribution, 1052 
seasonal distribution, 1043 
storage equation, 1037 
tree histories, 1026 
tree-ring indices, 1024 
volume, 1033 
Rayleigh scattering, 25 
Recombination spectrum, 271 
Redox value, determining, 1127 
Refraction, astronomical, 64 
phenomena due to atmospheric sus- 
pensions, 69 
due to average density gradient, 64 
due to special density gradients, 66 
in cloud-free atmosphere, 64 
radio waves, 1284, 1290 
terrestrial, 65 
Replica techniques, for studying snow, 
Reservoirs, wind tides and waves, 1045 
Resonance, 270 
Resonance theory, atmospheric oscilla- 
tions, 524 
Return stroke, 136 
characteristics of, 137 
Reynolds stresses, 493 
Ribbon lightning, 141 
Richardson’s criterion, 506 
Richardson’s diffusion theory, 505 
Ringelmann chart, for measuring atmos- 
pherie pollution, 1140 
Rip currents, 1083 
River flow, tree histories, 1026 
tree-ring indices, 1024 
River forecasting, sce also Hydrology 
River forecasting, 1048, 1051 
flood routing, 1051 
rainfall, runoff distribution, 1052 
role of meteorology in, 1053 
runoff from rainfall, 1052 
service, organization, 1051 
snow-melt, 1053 
water supply, 1053 
Road mirages, 995 
Robitzsch actinograph, 54 
Rocket measurements, in upper atmos- 
phere, 306 
S) 
Saturn, atmosphere, 394 
meteorological parameters, 392 
Savart polariscope, 81 
Scale domain, of nonturbulent varia- 
tions, 487 
Scattering in the atmosphere, 22, 76, 79 
dust, 23 
molecular, 22 
multiple, 25 
water vapor, 23 
Schlieren, 67 
Scintillation, 67 
astronomical, 67 
chromatic 67 
mechanism of intensity fluctuations, 
terrestrial, 68 
theories of, 68 
Sea, breezes see Breezes, land and sea 
forecasting, 1083 
ice, distribution, 958 
Hudson Bay, 959 
scope for research, 960 
salts, as condensation nuclei, 166 
surface, exchange of heat with atmos- 
phere, 1057 
Sea-level pressure distribution, forecast- 
ing, 828 
Sedimentation, effect in nuclei destruc- 
tion, 189 
Seeding, cloud, effective, 230 
effects, 230 
Seeding, cloud—continued 
effects on cumulus clouds, 239 
effects on hailstorms, 232 
effects on stratus clouds, 236 
effects on thunderstorms, 232 
effects on torrential rains, 232 
elimination of supercooled clouds by, 
232 
increased precipitation from cumu- 
lus clouds with, 232 
limitations, 231 
overseeding, 230 
possibilities, 231 
relation to production of precipita- 
tion, 235 
silver iodide, 231 
use in studying atmosphere, 233 
windstorms and, 232 
Seismographs, 1313 
Sferics, 1297 
direction of arrival, determining, 1297 
frequency of occurrence, 1298 
reception, 1297 
relation to thunderstorms, 1298 
research needed, 1299 
source, 1297 
use in forecasting, 1299 
use in meteorology, 1298 
Shadow bands, 67 
Sheet frost, 208 
Sheet lightning, 141 
Shimmer, 68 
Ships, weather, 707 
weather observations from, 706 
Showers, convective, data on, 699 
instability, radarscope photographs, 
1275 
radar detection, 1285 
summer, anticyclones and, 626 
Silver iodide, cloud modification by, 230 
use in cloud seeding, 231 
Simpson’s Ice Age theory, 386 
Sinking, 66 
Sizzles, see Sferics 
Sky, apparent shape, 61 
theories concerning, 63 
conditions, effect on apparent shape of 
sky, 61 
shape, effect of cloud amount on, 61, 
64 
phenomena related to, 62 
under various sky conditions, 61 
synoptic types of, 1173 
Sky light polarization, 79 
see also Polarization, skylight 
Slice method, for testing atmospheric 
stability, 694 
Small-ion balance, 122 
Smog, 1179 
Smoke, 1179 
condensation nuclei formation in, 186 
filter, for measuring atmospheric pol- 
lution, 1139 
shell, use in studying upper atmos- 
phere, 251 
Snow, aircraft electrification from, 134 
crystals, 209, 222, 223 
artificial production, 213 
in laboratory, 213 
laboratory apparatus, 214 
capped column, 212 
classification, 209, 221 
columnar crystals with extended side 
planes, 212 
dendritic, with small plates at- 
tached, natural and artificial, 
219 
fern-like hexagonal, 
artificial, 217 
form, relation to external conditions, 
214 
natural and 
upper-air conditions and, 217 
formation, 177, 209, 223 
growth, 215 
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