Cold Spring harbor drains a portion of this space, and has started to develop east and west flow- 

 ing tributaries in it. South of the Huntington and Northport bays complex, the drainage is to 

 the south through Massatayan, Carll and Sampawams creeks. A small area north of Commack 

 drains to the north through a small channel which is part of the common boundary of the towns 

 of Huntington and Smithtown, passing Fort Salonga. The intermorainal area south of Smith- 

 town bay forms the basin of Nissequogue river and drains to the sound. A narrow strip just 

 east of that basin drains into Lake Ronkonkoma which has no visible outlet. As this strip is full 

 of kettle holes, of which Ronkonkoma is one, the surface contours may not show at all the real 

 drainage conditions, and it may well be that Ronkonkoma is a part of the ancient channel to the 

 south to Connetquot river while the northern portion actually drains to Carmans river. From 

 Stony Brook to the line, Yaphank-Wading River, there is a large basin which, though well sup- 

 plied with drainage channels, really has no visible outlet. Carmans river rises near Middle 

 Island in a valley between two ridges which extend from a point north of Yaphank in direc- 

 tions slightly east and west respectively of north. The drainage channel from the west ceases 

 in a kettle valley running from Coram to the south end of the westerly ridge, but the topography 

 suggests that the underground flow is Carmans river. The remainder drains into Peconic river 

 and the bays, but there is some doubt about the upper end of Peconic valley — say west of 

 Manorville. This area is filled with wandering drainage channels and may well contribute to 

 Wading river and perhaps to Forge river as well. This is the area of Camp Upton and the 

 present Brookhaven Laboratory so that tests to determine the direction of ground water flow 

 under the region might well be studied in connection with the problem of disposal of wastes 

 from that laboratory. 



From Mount Sinai harbor eastward small ravines in the north shore bluffs have generally 

 cut back through the moraine and drain small areas of the intermorainal basin. 



When the ice was still present, numerous outwash channels were formed, many of which 

 are still in action. Most of these were described by Fuller (15) , others are shown by the contour 

 maps. They are : 



From Flushing bay via Maple Grove, Dunton and Three Mile Mills to Jamaica bay ; 



From the head of Manhasset bay to the head of Jamaica bay through Floral Park and Rose- 

 dale; 



From Hempstead harbor through Albertson, East Williston, Mineola, Garden City, Hemp- 

 stead and Rockville Center to Broad channel and the Atlantic ; 



From South Huntington on the west side of Massapequa valley to Massatayan creek and so 

 to South Oyster bay ; 



From South Huntington down the east side of Massapequa valley to Carlls river, through 

 Wyandanch, to Great South Bay at Babylon; 



From the head of Northport bay to Sampawams creek at Babylon through Commack and 

 Edgewood ; 



From near Smithtown in the valley of Nissequogue river to Connetquoit river. 



162 



