of the Island of St. Paul. 361 
9. Red fumarole-clay on the plateau at the highest margin of 
the crater. No. 197.—The specimen is a yellowish-brown, dry, 
friable, clayey earth, dried into lumps, and plastic when moist, 
which has a sharp sandy feel when rubbed between the fingers. 
The colour is a rather duller red, and more like loam, than that 
of No. 5. On the addition of acids, no effervescence or other 
change is produced. When calcined, the mass becomes first 
blackish, then reddish brown, darker than before, and not blood- 
red. When boiled with muriatic acid, it becomes very pale and 
whitish. Under a magnifying power of 300 diameters, the mass 
appears like a very fine clay. Ten analyses gave only 3 recog- 
nizable forms as organic elements. By the washing of the finest 
clay, the sharply sandy residue in a watch-glass gave numerous 
Lithostylidia, but only a few well preserved. Various half- 
decomposed bacilliform fragments might belong to the same 
forms. The most remarkable forms were numerous spherules, 
often of very small size, which were unaltered by boiling in 
muriatic acid, round or oval in shape, very smooth and finely 
cellular in the interior. As I once found four of them adhering 
together, the middle one being smaller and also of irregular 
shape, I have indicated these structures as hyalithic Morpho- 
lithes. They often resemble a Haliomma; they contain air in 
their interior within numerous small cells, into which balsam 
gradually penetrates from the surface. With polarized light, 
they often, but not always, become opalescent. The latter 
characteristic excludes them very distinctly from the organic 
forms. 
10. Moss-turf from a soil of moist blackish-brown humus. 
No. 6.—The sample is a dense satiny moss-turf, without fructi- 
fication ; it is probably a Bryum. After softening and squeezing 
a portion in distilled water, there occurred, as a turbidity, in ten 
analyses, 8 Polygastria (6 Diatoms) and 16 Phytolitharia, 
amongst which are 2 Spongolithes ; together, 24 organic forms. 
Brown irregular particles, amongst which were many small 
fragments of Phytolitharia, predominate. Pinnularia borealis 
and Lithostylidium rude are very abundant; the rest occur 
singly. 
11. Bright-green moss upon black humus. No. 7.—The sample 
is a moss-turf with large bright-green stems, resembling a Hyp- 
num, and adherent traces of Lichens (Cladonie). Such bright- 
green moss showed itself on the declivities of the volcanic cone, 
near the highest margin of the crater, on the hottest places. 
When stirred in distilled water, the earth furnished, in ten ana- 
lyses, 8 Polygastria and 15 Phytolitharia ; together, 23 forms. 
Amongst much brown rotten cellular tissue, Lithostylidia, Ar- 
