198 DR. PETTIGREW ON THE MECHANISM OF FLIGHT. 



In this wo have an explanation of the curiously modified hand of the Bat, — of the 



webhed hands and feet of the Otter, Ornithorhynchus, Seal, and Walrus, — of the expanded 



tail of the Whale, Porpoise, Dugong, and Manatee, — of the feet of the Ostrich, Apteryx, 



tnd Dodo, exclusively designed for running, — of the feet of the Ducks, Gulls, and Petrels, 



specially adapted for swimming, — and of the wings and feet of the Penguins, Auks, and 



Guillemots, especially designed for diving. Other and intermediate modifications occur in 

 the Elyingfish, Flying Lizard, and Plying Squirrel ; and some animals, as the Erog, Newt, 

 and several of the aquatic insects (the Ephemera or May-fly for example *), which begin 

 their career by swimming, come ultimately to walk, leap, and even flyf. 



Every degree and variety of motion, therefore, which is peculiar to the land, and to the 

 sea and air-navigating animals as such, is imitated by others which take to the elements 

 in question secondarily or at intervals. 



As the space at my disposal will not admit of my going into the several arrangements 

 by which locomotion is attained in the animal kingdom as a whole, I will allude only to 

 such as illustrate in a progressive manner the several kinds of motion on the land and in 

 or on the water, reserving for the third and concluding part of the paper the subject of 

 flight as exemplified in the insect, bat, and bird. 



The following, among other animals, have been referred to, and their movements, 

 whether on land, on or in the water, or air, for the most part described and figured. They 

 may be hastily classified as follows : 



Land Animals. — The Horse, Ox, Deer, Kangaroo, Giraffe, Serpent, &c. 



Land and Water. — The Otter, Ornithorhynchus, Seal, Sea-Bear, Walrus, Beaver, 

 Penguin, Turtle, Triton, Crocodile, Erog, &c. 



Land and Air.— The, Dragon or Elying Lizard, Galeopithecus or Elying Cat, Ptero- 

 dactyle, Bat, &c. 



Water.— The Whale, Dugong, Manatee, Porpoise, Trout, Sturgeon, Shark, Bay, 

 Stickleback, Pipefish, Proteus, Axolotl, Lepidosiren, Medusa, Eotifera, Proto- 

 zoa, &c. 



Air.— (Insects) The Beetle, Alucita hemdactyla, Moth, Water-Scorpion, Cicada, Lo- 

 cust, Dragonfly, Butterfly, &c. (Bats) The Bat, (Birds) The Bearded Vulture, Kestrel, 

 Heron, Owl, Crow, Plover, Partridge, Pigeon, Curlew, Snipe, Swallow, Humming-bird, 

 Swan, Goose, Duck, Albatros, Gull, Kingfisher, Guillemot, Loon, Grebe, &c. 



I am indebted for my illustrations (Plate XIV., which is from photographs by myself, 

 excepted) to the spirited pencil of my friend Mr. C. Berjeau. 



• " The Ephemerae in the larva- and pupa-state reside in the water concealed during the day under stones or in 



in the banks. Although resembling the perfect insect in several respects, they 

 differ materially in having longer antenna^ wanting ocelli, by possessing horn-like mandibles ; the abdomen has, 

 moreover, on each side a row of plates, mostly in pairs, which are a kind of false branchiae, and which are employed 

 not only in respiration, but also as paddles."— Cuvier's Animal Kingdom, p. 576. London, 1840. 



form 



t 

 tbey fall into the water. They instance 



wi 



Nor should the remarkable discovery by Sir John Lubbock, of a swimmin 

 wings entirely as fins, be overlooked. (Linn. Trans, vol. xxiv. p. 135 \ 



(Introduction to Entomology,' 5th edit., 1828, p. 360.) 



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