502 MR. TRIMEN ON MIMETIC ANALOGIES AMONG AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES. 



"it 9 indicating perfection of the Khopalocerous type, when it is considered that the 

 only known instances of an organ similar in structure and function in the rest of the 

 Lcpidoptera are found, not in Butterflies of any family, but in Cerura, a genus of Bom- 

 In tide Moths. The organ of the Puss-Moth caterpillars is double, instead of forked, and 

 occupies the opposite extremity of the body; but it is plainly homologous to that of the 

 Pftpitio lame, and is protruded on occasion in precisely the same manner. Looking to 

 the pupae of the several families, we find, receding from those of the Heterocera in 

 silken, earthen, or other cocoons, or buried in the ground, a gradual advance, cor- 

 responding with that towards a more aerial type of imago, to the freely suspended chry- 

 salis of the tetrapod Rhopalocera. The pupse of the Hesperiidcv are secured, like those 

 of many moths, either in a slight cocoon or by several silken threads; those of the Pa/w- 

 ife !<e, Pierida, and L>/camhl(B*, by the tail and by a single silken girdle; while, 

 t lirongh the En/cinidce, which present instances both of girt and freely suspended pup©t, 



here is a gradation to the chrysalides of the true Nymphalide Butterflies, which hang, 

 h id downwards, by a caudal attachment only. The remarkable pupa of Parnassius, 



..ore heteroceroid (in its blunted form, bluish efflorescence, and numerous threads of 

 support in , cocoon of Leaves) than most of those known among the Hesperiidce, seems 

 to afford an add.tional indication of some connexion between the Papilionidce and Moths. 

 Anoth r singular lact tends to strengthen the idea of a remote, but distinct relationship, 

 ?r/. t) it the pupae of Bphyra, a Geometrine genus, are not only suspended by the tail 



od a silken , H h, in precisely the same position as those of the PapUionidce, but closely 

 « -1.1 them in form, M. Gnenee observing (< Phalenites,' ix. p. 402) that they can 

 t be compared with the chrysalides of Thais%. Similar, also, in their caudal attach 



nent 



liken girdle, but not so like the Papilio chrysalides in form, are the pup* of 



. Hetei * OCerous S rou P of Pterophoridce, which stands alone in the structur< 



of its wings, and has hitherto, by common consent, been placed last in the enth 



Lcpiiloiit 



A 



11 ta appears that th, PapiUonid* exhibit points of structure in common with some 

 '■'''',',', ilr' S, 7 ** Sr ° Wth : and these characters see ». «» the aggregate, of 



MUiu'itMu importance to wnwnnt m^ ~ • & ° ° 



be Motha tl! n that iTZm ZJZT** t0 thG famUy a P ° siti0n mUch nearer t0 



Tuminir loth* n i f h &S S ° S enerall .V °een accorded to it. 



I ui rung to the Dmundte and Acreidm, which 



much in common both 



hire 'Hid hihit< ;f ,\. . „ " ¥C ou muun in common ootn in siruu- 



S Id \ xZT , Ul h ° W ^ tW ° fomilieS differ in their early states. The 



lor. rit. n v \ fi,, rr^_ . , t * 0t Me <>*amiu Polymnia (mentioned by Mr. Bates, 



• ; ), the lleliconide JDauaid 



furnished with tubercles instead 7T PreSGnt a Sm °° th larva ' which ' however ' is 



■«■ tate, denselv studded X ^^T', ^ ^"^ ( ° f AMca) "*' * ^ 



Stllt bran ched spines ; and the true (or Acweoid) llell- 



IV lan • somr / mm,/<« ( e . g. Thecla Oi 



ro il oodition. " <Z5 ' ) are stated to bury themselves in the earth before assuming 



the pur 



Journ 



X Hate 2 ■ \! « h,,,,,:,'^, Kr \'' 1,lulaB > m .ourn. 



1 ' be the chrvni; -°! '^ m f rC8tmg fi « tire of the pupa of an Epkyra in its natural position 



with 



