20 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [bull, to 



not only in open-air villages but also in some of the large cliff pueblos, 

 like Cliff Palace. Isolated towers are as a rule earlier in construction. 

 The unit-type mound uncovered by Doctor Prudden is one of 

 the most instructive examples of this type in Montezuma Canyon, but 

 the author in subsequent pages will call attention to the existence 

 of the same type in Square Tower Canyon. All of these pueblos 

 probably have kivas of the pure type, practically the same in structure 

 as Far View House on the Mesa Verde National Park. 



Mud Spring (Burkhardt) Ruin 



The collection of mounds (pi. 3, b), sometimes called Burkhardt 

 Ruin, situated at Mud Spring, belongs to the McElmo series. This 

 ruin, in which is the "triple-walled tower" of Holmes, for uniformity 

 with Mitchell Spring Ruin and Aztec Spring Ruin, is named after a 

 neighboring spring. Like these, it is a cluster of mounds forming a 

 village which covers a considerable area. The arroyo on which it is 

 situated opens into the McElmo, and is about 7 miles southwest 

 from Cortez, at a point where the road enters the McElmo Canyon. 



The extension of the area covered by the Mud Spring mounds is 

 east-west, the largest mounds being those on the east. These latter 

 are separated from the remainder, or those on the west, by a shallow, 

 narrow gulch. There are two towers united to the western section 

 overlooking the spring, the following description of one of which, 

 with a sketch of the ground plan, is given by Holmes. 1 



"The circular structures or towers have been built, in the usual 

 manner, of roughly hewn stone, and rank among the very best 

 specimens of this ancient architecture. The great tower is especially 

 noticeable ... In dimensions it is almost identical with the great 

 tower of the Rio Mancos. The walls are traceable nearly all the way 

 round, and the space between the two outer ones, which is about 

 5 foot in width, contains 14 apartments or cells. The walls about 

 ono of these cells are still standing to the height of 12 feet; but the 

 interior can not be examined on account of the rubbish which fills 

 it to the top. No openings are noticeable in the circular walls, but 

 doorways seem to have been made to communicate between the apart- 

 ments; one is preserved at d . . . This tower stands back about 

 100 feet from the edge of the mesa near the border of the village. 

 The smaller tower, b, stands forward on a point that overlooks the 

 shallow gulch; it is 15 feet in diameter; the walls are 3^ feet thick 

 and 5 feet high on the outside. Beneath this ruin, in a little side 

 gulch, are the remains of a wall 12 feet high and 20 inches thick . . . 

 The apartmonts number nearly a hundred, and seem, generally, to 

 have boon rectangular. Thoy are not, however, of uniform size, and 

 certainly not arranged in rogular order." 



i Op. cit., pp. 398-399. 



