pewkes] PREHISTORIC VILLAGES, CASTLES, AND TOWERS 31 



be looked upon as a survival of a ruder and more archaic condition 

 best shown in the Montezuma Mesa ruins farther west, a good ex- 

 ample of which was described by Jackson. 1 



I lUOULAR RUINS WITH PERIPHERAL COMPARTMENTS 



It has long been recognized that circular ruins in the Southwest 

 differ from rectangular ruins, not only in shape hut also in struc- 

 tural features, as relative position and character of kivas. The rela- 

 tion of the Ceremonial chambers to the houses, no less than the 

 external forms of the two, at first sight appear to separate them from 

 the pure type. 2 They are more numerous and probably more ancient, 

 as their relative abundance implies. 



These circular ruins, in which group is included certain modifica- 

 tions where the curve of one side is replaced (generally on the south) 

 by ft straight wall or chord, have several concentric walls; again, tiny 

 take the form of simple towers with one row of encircling compart- 

 ments, or they may have a double wall with inclosed compartments. 



Many representations of semicircular ruins were found in the region 

 here considered, some of which are of considerable size. The simplest 

 form is well illustrated by the D-shaped building, Horseshoe House, 

 in Haekberry Canyon, a ruin which will be considered later in this 

 article. Other examples occur in the Yellow Jacket, and there are 

 several, as Butte Ruin, Emerson, and Escalante Ruins, in the neigh- 

 borhood of Dolores. 



In contrast to the village type consisting of a number of pueblos 

 clustered together, but separated from each other, where the growth 

 takes place mainly through the union of components, the circular 

 ruin in enlarging its size apparently did so by the addition of new 

 compartments peripherally or like additional rings in exogenous 

 trees. Judging from their frequency, the center of distribution of 

 the circular type lies somewhere in the San Juan culture area. This 

 type does not occur in the Gila Valley or its tributaries, where we 

 have an architectural zone denoting that a people somewhat different 

 in culture from the Pueblos exists, but occurs throughout the "Cen- 

 tral Zone," so called, extending across New Mexico from Colorado as 

 far south as Zuni. Many additional observations remain to be made 

 before we can adequately define the group known as the circular type 

 and the extent of the area over which it is distributed. 



The following examples of this type have been studied by the 

 author: 



J Op. pit., pp. 428-429. 



2 It is premature to declare that the kivas In circular ruins do not belong to the vaulted-roofed type 

 simply from want of observation to that eil'ecl. In Fenasco Blanco and other ruins of the Chaco Canyon 

 group, as shown in ground plans, (hey appear to be embedded in secular rooms. Additional studies of 

 the architectural features of circular pueblos are desirable. 



