fewkes] PREHISTORIC VILLAGES, CASTLES, AND TOWERS 11 



either at Square Tower or Holly Canyon, both of which are about 

 the same distance from this site. As "Pueblo" is not indicated on 

 the map accompanying the Hayden. report, the sites of rock shelters 

 "some 7 miles from 'Pueblo' and 3 miles from the McElmo" remain 

 doubtful. The author retains the name "Hovenweep Castle" for 

 the rum in Square Tower Canyon. 



In his account of rums in the region visited, Prof. W. H. Holmes x 

 considers several other ruins, as "the triple-walled tower" (here 

 called Mud Spring village, p. 20), ruins at Aztec Spring (p. 23), 

 cliff-dwellings and towers of the San Juan and Mancos, the "slab 

 cysts" or burial places on the Dolores, and the promontory at the 

 junction of the Hovenweep and McElmo (p. GO). The best- 

 preserved towers and castellated buildings which his article considers 

 occur on the San Juan and Mancos Canyons, districts on the periphery 

 of the region covered by this account. 



These pioneer reports of Jackson and Holmes not only called 

 attention to a new archeological field, but also introduced to the 

 archeologist several new types of prehistoric American architecture 

 of which nothing was previously known. They have been repeatedly 

 quoted and are still constantly referred to by writers on southwestern 

 archeology. 



Although Jackson made many photographs of the castles and 

 towers of the Hovenweep, none of these were published in his reports, 

 possibly because halftone methods of reproduction were then un- 

 known. The illustrations that appear in the text of early reports 

 are mainly reproductions of sketches. These reports, in which the 

 discovery of the tower type of architecture and its adjacent cliff- 

 dwellings were announced, should thus rightly rank as the first 

 important steps in the scientific investigations of the stone-house 

 builders of this district of our Southwest; although the allied "Casas 

 Grand es" or great houses of the Chaco had been described a few 

 years before by Gregg, Stimpson, and others. 



We have, in addition to these pioneer reports, several magazine 

 articles of about the same date, the material for which was largely 

 drawn from them. One of the most important newspaper articles 

 of that date was written by Mr. Ernest Ingersoll, published in the 

 New York Tribune, and another, of anonymous authorship, is to be 

 found in the Century Magazine for the year 1877. New forms of 

 towers and castellated buildings were added in these accounts to 

 those of the earlier authors. 



One of the most important contributions to the antiquities of the 

 region about Mesa Verde was made by the veteran ethnologist, Mor- 

 gan, who published notes contributed by Mr. Mitchell on a cluster of 



» Report on the ancient ruins of Southwestern Colorado. Tenth Ann. Kept. U. S. Geol. Surv. Terr. 

 (Hayden Survey) for 1870, Washington, is;;). 



