48 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [bull. 70 



tower, M. At the union its walls are not tied into the masonry of 

 the circular wall of the tower, as may be seen in the illustration, 

 plate 14, b, implying that it was constructed later. There is an 

 entrance into A from the south or cliff side, and a passageway from 

 A to Room B, which latter opens by a doorway into Room C. All 

 rectangular rooms of the western section communicate with each 

 other, but none except A seem to have had an external entrance. 

 The photograph of the south wall of the west section of the ruin 

 (pi. 14, c) shows small portholes in the second story and narrow slits 

 in the tower walls. The lower courses of masonry are formed of 

 thinner stones than the rows above, but smaller stones compose the 

 courses at the top of the wall. A view of the north wall of the 

 western section (pi. 22, a) shows the tower and rooms united to it. 

 There is no kiva in the western section. 



EASTERN SECTION OF HOVENWEEP CASTLE 



The longest dimension of the western section (pis. 12, 14, c) is 

 approximately cast-west; that of the eastern is nearly north-south. 

 The eastern section (fig. 8, E-L), like the western, has a tower (L), 

 which is situated between two circular depressions or kivas (K). On 

 the north and south ends the eastern section is flanked by rectangular 

 rooms. Those at the north end were better constructed, and even 

 now stand as high as the walls of the western tower. The views 

 show that their corners are not as well preserved as their faces, which 

 is due to defects in masonry, as lack of bonding. Although much 

 debris has accumulated around the kivas, especially in their cavities, 

 it is evident that these ceremonial rooms were formerly one storied, 

 and practically subterranean on account of the surrounding rooms. 

 Several fragments of walls projecting above the accumulated debris 

 indicate rooms at the junction of the eastern and western sections 

 of the rum, but their form and arrangement at that point are not 

 evident and can be determined only by excavation. The inner kiva 

 walls show evidences of mural pilasters and banquettes like those of 

 cliff dwellings and other pure pueblo types. 



Ruin 3 



The square tower (pi. 11, a), standing on a large angular rock in 

 the canyon below Hovenweep Castle, is a remarkable example of 

 prehistoric masonry so situated that it is shut in by cliffs, rendering 

 the outlook limited. Several published photographs of this tower 

 give the impression that it stands in the open and was an outlook, 

 but that this is hardly the case will be seen from a general view 

 looking west up the South Fork. 



