fewkes] PREHISTORIC VILLAGES, CASTLES, AND TOWERS 7l 



number of circular rooms, or kivas. Thus, four kivas might be 

 supposed to indicate four consolidated social units. 



The complete concentration of several unit pueblos into one or 

 more large communal buildings x is also found in several cases in 

 the area we have studied, but we must look to the great ruin at 

 Aztec or those on the Chaco Canyon for examples of almost com- 

 plete amalgamation. Thus these large pueblos where an almost com- 

 plete consolidation has occurred have resulted from a fusion or 

 condensation of what might have formerly been a rambling village 

 composed of several separate units. This clustering of small separated 

 houses in a village is not peculiar to the San Juan but exists elsewhere 

 in the Southwest, as in the Rio Grande region, where, however, the 

 structure of each component small house is different. These separate 

 mounds do not indicate the unit type as denned, and the Rio Grande 

 pueblo of modern date has its kiva separated from the house masses, 

 which have grouped themselves in rectangular lines or rooms sur- 

 rounding courts. There are, perhaps, examples in this region where 

 a circular kiva is found embedded in house masses, but these are so 

 few in number that they may possibly be regarded as incorporate 

 survivals due to acculturation. 



In the Gila Valley compounds, as Casa Grande, and on the Little 

 Colorado, the unit type is unknown. Several blocks of buildings 

 on the Gila are surrounded by a rectangular wall which is wanting 

 in ruins of the Little Colorado and its tributaries. Here one of the 

 units may be enlarged, following in some respects the conditions 

 at Aztec Spring Ruin. A surrounding wall also appears in some 

 of the Pueblo villages and pueblos, but when we compare one of 

 the units of a Casa Grande compound with that of a Montezuma 

 Valley village, we find little in common, the main difference, so far 

 as form is concerned, being the absence of a circular kiva. 3 There is 

 nothing in a Gila Valley compound we can structurally call a cir- 

 cular kiva, and no morphological equivalent of the circular kiva 

 in ruins on the tributaries of the Salt and Gila. On the horizon of 

 the Gila culture area there are no circular kivas, due to accultura- 

 tion. There are rooms analogous to kivas used for ceremonials at 

 Hopi and Zuni, but they are not true kivas as we have interpreted 

 them in the San Juan area. Both Hopi and Zuni are composite 

 people and have elements derived from Gila and Pueblo influences, 

 but neither belong to the pure type in the sense the author defines it. 



The author has attempted to show that the structure of the 

 houses whose clustering composes villages^in the Montezuma Val- 



i The likeness of the Mesa Verde cliff-houses to the pueblos of Chaeo Canyon was long ago suggested by 

 Nordenskiold. The excavation of Far Mew House proved that suggestion to bo true. 



* This subject is treated at length in my report on Casa Grande in the Twenty-eighth Annual Report of 

 the Bureau of American Ethnology. 



