74 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [bull. 70 



The Holly Canyon group shows the types separated. The great 

 house is represented hy Holly Castle; the towers are situated on 

 huge bowlders. The unit type of this group is represented by Holly 

 House, the foundation of part of which has fallen, covering the ruins 

 of another pueblo of the unit type formerly in the cave below. 



The Hackberry group is also composed of three elemental types 

 separated; the great house is represented by Hackberry House, the 

 unit type by the cliff-dwelling below and by the pueblo on the oppo- 

 site side of the gulch, and the towers by isolated towers. 



A similar analysis may be made of other ruins. Sometimes the 

 component types are united; often one type only occurs, the others 

 being absent. The union of all is best marked in the northern tribu- 

 taries of the San Juan, as at Aztec, and in the southern tributaries, as 

 at Chaco Canyon and Chelly Canyon. These pueblos, whether in the 

 open or in caves, belong to the pure or concentrated multiple unit type. 



Some light may be shed on the probable process of consolidation 

 of the individual units of a community house by a comparative study 

 of the pueblos on the East Mesa of the Hopi. Hano, for instance, 

 was settled by a group of Tanoan clans about 1710 A. D. The list 

 of Hano "clans that originally came to the East Mesa is known from 

 legends and the present localization of their survivors has been indi- 

 cated in the author's article on "The Sun's Influence on the Form 

 of Hopi Pueblos." 1 In 1890 Hano was composed of four blocks of 

 rooms, each housing one or more clans. Earlier there were six, one 

 of which had fallen into disuse, a few less than the traditional number 

 of clans. When the colonists arrived, they settled near Coyote 

 Spring, the houses of which are now covered with drifted sand, but 

 when they constructed their village on the mesa at the head of the 

 trail each house of a cluster housed a clan. Increase in population, 

 both internal and external, led to the union and enlargement of these 

 houses so that they inclosed a central plaza. A similar growth has 

 taken place in Sichomovi, the pueblo halfway between Walpi and 

 Hano; first single houses, then rows of houses with terraces on the 

 south and east sides. Some of the original houses have been deserted 

 and rebuilt nearer the others. Thus at Hano the Katcina clan 

 house was north and east of the chief kiva but is now in the east row. 



In the same way we may suppose that in a consolidation of a com- 

 munity dwelling several units may have drawn together and united. 

 There is evidence of a union of this kind in many ruins in the South- 

 west. 



The data here published should not be interpreted to mean that 

 the author regards the builders of the towers and great houses here 

 described as evidences of a race other than the Indians. Indeed he 

 believes that in both blood and culture they have left survivals 



1 Amer. Anthrop., n. s. vol. viii, no. 1, 1906. 



