LIST OF STEMS 
The following is a practically exhaustive list of all verbal stems 
which occur in the preceding text. As a matter of course I have 
included what must be regarded as verbal stems from the Fox point 
of view, whether or not they are from the English standpoint. <A 
few nominal stems are included for convenience. The reader should 
be familiar with Fox phonetic shifts’ before attempting to use this 
list, for a stem is ordinarily only given in its original form, so far as 
this can be determined. It should be borne in mind that in some 
cases the material contained in the text is not sufficient to determine 
a given stem with absolute certainty.” In such cases I have relied on 
1 For convenience I give succinctly (not in detail) the most important phonetic shifts which are not 
in the grammatical sketch of Fox contained in the Handbook of American Indian Languages (Bull. 40, 
B. A. E.): i becomes e if the preceding syllable of a different morphological unit contains e; it becomes 
e if the following syllable of a different morphological unit contains <i; it becomes e if the preceding or 
following syllable of a different morphological unit contains w; it becomes e when immediately followed 
by the instrumental particles -n- ‘‘by the hand,” -‘ckaw- -‘ck- ‘‘by the foot,”’ -‘ew- -‘c- ‘‘ with something 
sharp,”’ -‘sw- -‘s- “by heat,’’ even when they are conventional in meaning, as well as by the copula 
-‘si-; i becomes 7 when accented if followed by y or w as well as on the penult when followed by w; it 
becomes 7 before the instrumental particle -‘kaw- -‘k-; it probably becomes e before the instrumental par- 
ticle -‘taw- -‘t-; the combination -iwd-, where the @ is not in the same unit as thei becomes -owdi-; the 
combination -wi- between consonants becomes -w- (-6- also ?) under the conditions whereby 7 normally 
becomes ¢; 0 becomes u before -pw- and -gw-; 0 becomes 6 before -w4; in the combinaticn of stems -d @- 
becomes -dyd-; similarly -G A- becomes -d-; under the same conditions -6 4- becomes -d-; it is not cer- 
tain whether under like conditions -d e- becomes -G- or -e-; under what conditions i apparently becomes 
a is not known; -wa4- between consonants becomes 6 for the most part; -y4- between consonants 
becomes -yd-; the combination -ew7- becomes -7‘-; -w- after consonants seems to be lost if u imme- 
diately follows; the combination -aw- becomes -d- before n, y, w, dtc, ¢ (in final syllables), -@- before 
g and ¢ (normally), terminally -u‘; m becomes -‘c- before i which is a new morphological unit; under like 
conditions ¢ and s become 4c and ‘c respectively; the combination of ny when not in the same unit 
seems to become 7. 
2Tt should be borne in mind that every transitive, middle, and passive Fox verb (witha few ex- 
ceptions) requires an instrumental particle, whether these have retained their original meanings or 
have become purely conventional in use. As these are inadequately treated in the above-mentioned 
sketch, I give here the principal ones; the meanings are given when the particles have not become 
conventional. The arrangement in columns as presented here is novel. 
With logical animate object With logical inanimate object. — 
m with the mouth t 
m t 
= Ww if 
‘w 2 
‘pw with the teeth “pu (?) 
n with the hand n 
n t 
‘ew with something sharp re 
‘sw by heat [Ss 
‘ckaw with the foot ‘ck 
‘ckaw ‘ek 
naw n 
taw t 
‘taw t 
‘kaw ‘k 
gaw bd 
‘s “t 
72 
