AMERICAN LEGION CLASS. 195 
ing entire satisfaction. We fitted in the ships at Newport News nickel steel pinions with 
gears having carbon steel rims. 
It is important in all vessels of this type to make the fire rooms comfortable and ar- 
range the boilers to be easily cleaned so as to maintain their efficiency. We all know that 
whe7 out on trials we see to it that the boilers are clean. 
The Society is fortunate in having this paper presented by Mr. Warriner. 
Mr. E. H. Rice, Member of Council:—It is very gratifying to see that the paper read 
before the Society last year on the “Design and Construction of Passenger Ships’ has been 
amplified by Mr. Warriner’s paper this year. Each paper renders the other of more use 
to the members of the Society. 
One point brought out clearly by Mr. Warriner’s analysis of the President Pierce 
(Hawkeye State) trials is the discrepancy between expected and realized performance. 
Plate 58 brings this out, showing an increase of about 12% per cent in power for the 
ship as compared with the self-propelled model test at 19 knots, which means a decided 
drop in propulsive coefficient, also shown by the charts given. 
There are several points to be examined here; the following are perhaps the most 
pertinent : 
1. Difference in propellers as noted in the body of the paper (page 190): This cannot 
conceivably account for more than a small amount of the difference (see Plate 56). 
2. Depth of water on the course. The battleship Michigan comparative trials at Rock- 
land and Delaware Breakwater showed that the increase of power below and at 18 knots was 
trifling, but was clearly perceptible at 19; this at the same draught of ship that we are con- 
sidering. Depth of water cannot be considered a serious factor in this case. The power 
realized on trial is high all the way up the curve and does not suddenly increase at the 
top speeds. 
I want to guard against misunderstanding right there. The preceding paragraph refers 
only to the measured mile course and does not refer to the endurance runs outside in shallow 
water; this is a point which occurred to me when Mr. Bailey was speaking, namely, the 
depth of water on the course is one thing, and the depth of water outside in the vicinity of 
the Delaware Capes is another thing. 
The figures for the Michigan are as follows: 
Course. I8 Knots. I9 Knots. 
Rockland Maines. sysies solve sisi eae 13,325 I. H. P. 16,880 I. H. P. 
Delaware Breakwater ................0:. 113,525) 1. Al. 18,300 I. H. P. 
The Michigan is 450 feet long, 16,000 tons displacement and 24 feet 6 inches draught, 
but of wider beam; namely, 80 feet. 
These results are as recorded in the Journal of the American Society of Naval En- 
gineers, Volume 22. The two curves were practically identical up to 18 knots and then sepa- 
rated as noted above. This was not the case with the Hawkeye State (see Plate 5). 
These comparative courses trials were conducted under navy standards, which means care, 
accuracy and intelligence as far as the human machine is concerned. 
3. The recent absence of proper range buoys on the Delaware Breakwater Course may 
possibly have affected results, but with care and experience the true course can be run and 
