PROGRESS IN TURBINE SHIP PROPULSION. 75 



wheel with reversing buckets cut in the shrouds of the ahead blades. The complete 

 turbine and gear, including maneuvering valve, weighs 4,100 pounds for a 600-horse- 

 power outfit. The steam consumption with 330 pounds steam pressure and 27-inch 

 vacuum is 14.9 pounds per shaft horse-power hour at 600 horse-power by actual 

 test. The reversing element is effective. On actual trial the boat was brought 

 stationary in the water in its own length from full speed ahead. 



Concerning steam turbine details that differ from land practice because of 

 their application to ships, there are the following — 



GOVERNING ARRANGEMENTS. 



With the old reciprocating engines, racing in heavy weather was always to be 

 reckoned with. While governing arrangements were sometimes furnished by the 

 builder, they usually passed most of their existence in a store-room locker. While 

 the reciprocator may accelerate rapidly, it may generally run at proportionately 

 higher relative speeds than the turbine without injury. 



With the direct-connected turbine, governors used always to be fitted, but were 

 subsequently found to be of no particular value because the small diameter high- 

 speed propellers always being given the maximum submergence seldom came out of 

 water with the vessel pitching. With the geared turbine the propeller dimensions 

 revert to that of the reciprocating engine, and while because of its inertia the tur- 

 bine and gear may accelerate less rapidly than the reciprocator, very material in- 

 creased speeds would be destructive. Therefore, a very dependable regulating 

 mechanism is desirable which must at least have some semblance of being able to 

 regulate and must not be a mere stop governor which on the speed reaching a pre- 

 determined limit will slam shut an automatic valve. Arrangement of governing em- 

 ployed by the Westinghouse Company is exhibited in Figs. 2^ and 28, Plates 54 

 and 55 



The governor is of the ordinary fly ball type, the weights being carried on 

 knife edges, and all working parts arranged to be under forced lubrication. The 

 governor controls the valve shown in Fig. 28 by means of the steam relay, so that 

 the connection between the turbine and the governor valves is merely a pipe, thus 

 eliminating the necessity of connecting links, levers, etc. The relay may be moved 

 by hand at any time by depressing the small spring that is above it. In this 

 manner assurance may be obtained at any time without interfering with the opera- 

 tion of the vessel that the governor control valve stands ready to control should 

 the governor weights, with a rise in speed, go to their outer position. With cross 

 compound units both high and low-pressure elements are provided with a gover- 

 nor, each capable of controlling the valve, that is, either governor may reduce the 

 flow to the turbine; or, in other words, whichever governor is running fastest will 

 control the steam. It is usual to adjust the governor springs so that they will regu- 

 late at 10 per cent above normal speed. 



Concerning the governor valve, it is of the poppet valve type and actuated by 

 the two pistons above and below in conjunction with the spring. Both pistons have 



