434 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 



The most extensive exposure of rocks seen in the valley was in the neighborhood of 

 Chattanooga. 



In the valley of Chickamauga Creek the lowest stratum is a massive limestone 

 called the Chickamauga limestone, while Missionary Ridge, forming the western bound- 

 ary of this valley, is composed mainly of Knox dolomite. In the valley of Chattanooga 

 Creek west of the ridge, Chickamauga limestone occurs again, while Lookout Mountain 

 on the west rises from this limestone through Knox dolomite and Devonian strata to a 

 heavy bedded carboniferous sandstone, known as the Walden sandstone, at an eleva- 

 tion of 2,000 feet, which is about the elevation of the western boundary of the great 

 valley. Lookout Creek on the west has cut dowTi to the Chickamauga limestone, while 

 the hills on the west rise to the Walden sandstone again. 



The soil covering these rocks is frequently clay, .often very red and filled with 

 masses of flint or chert. In some places the soil is sandy, and in many places seemed to 

 be of poor quality. The forests are mainly of oak and pine, with hickory, maple. 

 Sweet gum, sycamore, sassafras, blue beech, laurel, and cedar, with willows, alders, etc., 

 along the streams, and some chestnuts on the higher ridges. 



KNO.WILLE AND VICINITY, SEPTEMBER 2/ AND 28. 



Several springs in the vicinity of Knoxville were examined, among them the 

 following being the most important: 



Fountain Head Springs at Fountain City. — These are four or five in number, the 

 largest, known as Fountain Head Spring, emerges from near the base of a clay bank 

 about 10 feet high, and flows off through a relatively level tract of land, after forming a 

 small marsh near the spring. The temperature of the water at 10.30 a. m. was 58° F. 

 Measured immediately below the spring the stream averaged 2}4 feet \vide, 5 inches 

 deep, and flowed three-fifths of a foot per second. This gives a flow of about 280 

 gallons per minute. The water is pure and clear and the pond below is filled with 

 water cress. 



A few rods distant are two other springs, each of which, however, is smaller than 

 the one just described. The temperature is about the same in all of these springs. 



The total amount of water that could be obtained here by bringing the various 

 springs together is probably about 400 gallons per minute. 



Callahan Springs. — These springs are located about 5 miles northwest of Knox- 

 ville. The principal one comes out from limestone rock, flows about one-quarter of a 

 mile, when it disappears and follows an underground passage for about 200 feet; then 

 it appears as a stream about 23^ feet wide, 2}4 inches deep, and flowing 10 feet in seven 

 seconds. This indicates a volume of about 300 gallons per minute. The temperature 

 of the water at 4.20 p. m. at the place where it finally leaves the rock was 58.5° F. 



Tennessee River. — The Tennessee River was fished at the mouth of Lyon Creek. 



Lyon Creek. — This cretk was examined near the insane asylum, about 5 miles 

 west of Knoxville. It was fished for the last half mile of its course. Width 13 to 15 

 feet; depth less than a foot; current about lyi feet per second; temperature at noon 

 60° F. ; of air in shade at 10 a. m., 62° F. 



The bed and banks of this stream are of red clay, the bottom quite muddy in most 

 places; some limestone rock; banks usually 2 to 5 feet high, covered with a good 



