FISHES OF EAST TENNESSEE. 435 



growth of willows, sycamores, oaks, walnuts, papaws, etc. In the stream there are 

 man}r logs and much rubbish. 



From ELnoxville southwesterly for some 70 miles to Athens, only limestones were 

 seen. The Knoxville dolomite, which is abundant at Chattanooga and intervening 

 localities, is very prominent at Knoxville. Some of the beds are fine-grained, hard, 

 and blue; some contain numerous chert nodules which fill the soil resulting from the 

 decay of such rocks. These beds of clay and chert are often compact enough to stand 

 firmly in vertical sections. The rocks generally are much tilted, often standing at a 

 high angle. These rocks abound with fissures and small caves, and springs are com- 

 mon everywhere, but no springs of large size occur in the immediate vicinity of 

 Knoxville. 



CHATTANOOGA AND VICINITY, SEPTEMBER 29 TO OCTOBER 2. 



Newman Spring, Ga. — This spring is about 6 miles southeast of Chattanooga, on the 

 east side of Missionary Ridge near Rossville Gap, and a few rods from the Tennessee line. 

 There are several small springs here which, by damming (about 6 feet high one-fourth mile 

 below the spring), have been converted into a large pond known sometimes as Green's 

 pond. This pond is about 20 by 80 rods and covers 8 to 10 acres. We had no facilities 

 for measuring the depth, but it is probably 10 feet or more in the deepest places. Most 

 of the springs are now beneath the surface of the pond. One spring at the west end 

 flows about 30 gallons. Its temperature was 59° F. at 4 p. m., when the air was 72° F. 

 At the lower (east) end of the pond the temperature at a depth of 2 feet was 63° F., while 

 at the surface near the west end it was 67° F. The pond is well filled with Myriophyllum, 

 Potamogeton, Chara, Lemna, various species of algae, and other species of water-loving 

 plants. Desmids and diatoms and the smaller crustaceans seemed to be abundant. The 

 water is hard and, of course, comes from limestone. The water is led from the pond 

 through a race to a gristmill a short distance below, and finally finds its way into South 

 Chickamauga Creek, where it enters the State of Tennessee. The total amount of water 

 supplied by this pond was estimated by us at 1,500 gallons per minute. The land 

 surrounding the pond is mostly of yellow clay and sand and is extensively cultivated. 



Crawfish Springs, Ga., September 30. — These springs, situated about 12 miles south of 

 Chattanooga near the West Chickamauga Creek, are of enormous size. The upper one, 

 near the Park Hotel, had been dammed, thus forming a large pool 15 to 25 feet deep. 

 The water is exceedingly clear, small objects upon the bottom being distinctly seen in a 

 depth of 12 feet. The temperature at 8>^ feet depth at noon was 59° F. The dam, 

 measured on the lower side, is about 15 feet high, or nearly that height above the surface 

 of the water in the stream immediately below. 



The waste water flowing over the lip of the dam measures 1 1 feet wide, 2 inches deep, 

 and flows 3 feet per second. This is about 2,500 gallons a minute. The amount wasting 

 through the power house is probably as many gallons more, so that the entire flow of 

 this one spring may be put at 5,000 gallons per minute, or 7,200,000 gallons per day. 



Below this spring the large stream which flows from it runs for several rods through a 

 rather deep gorge which it has worn through the limestone rock, then the banks become 

 lower, particularly the left one. At a distance of less than a mile from the spring its 

 outlet unites with West Chickamauga Creek. At various places in this course there are 

 springs which come out in the bed of the stream; one just below the railroad bridge 



