436 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 



probably furnishes even more water than the Crawfish Spring proper. These various 

 springs augment the stream greatly, so that, measured near its mouth, it was found to 

 average 120 feet wide and 5 feet deep, but possesses a rather slow current. 



The upper spring and much of the outlet are abundantly supplied with Myriophyllum, 

 among which small crustaceans and mollusks abound. 



Many years ago the United States Fish Commission placed a few rainbow trout in this 

 spring. It was stated that the plant proved very successful, and much sport was 

 afforded to local anglers and guests. 



Chickamauga Creek. — This stream was examined at Lee and Gordon's mill, on the 

 Lafayette road, 3 miles from Crawfish Springs. The stream, which has a rocky bed in 

 most places where examined, is here 62 feet wide, i foot deep, current 1V7 feet per 

 second, temperature 63° F. Fishes were quite abundant. 



South Chickamauga, Chattanooga, and Lookout Creeks nave rocky beds, and when 

 the water in the Tennessee is low the currents of these creeks are rapid, but when the 

 water is high in the Tennessee it backs up these creek channels for miles, depositing 

 great quantities of sediment. Across the river north of Chattanooga, rocks, soil, and 

 timber are much the same as on the south side of the river. 



Read's Spring, October i. — This spring, about 7 miles north of Chattanooga, is 

 really a series of small springs, altogether forming a creek of considerable size. The 

 largest one issues from the limestone bluff at the head of the creek and is a very nice 

 spring. The temperature is 58° F. and the flow, when increased by the addition of a 

 number of much smaller springs a few yards below, is about 300 gallons per minute. 



The springs and streams are well filled with various species of algae, insect larvae, 

 and small mollusks. 



Nickajack Cave and Stream, October 2. — This cave, at Shellmound, about 20 miles 

 southwest of Chattanooga, has been eroded from limestone rock by a little stream 

 which flows into the Tennessee within a mile of the cave. When high, the river backs 

 up into the cave for a long distance. The cave seemed to have increased downward 

 by erosion and upward through the fall of strata from above. The mouth of the cave 

 is about 150 feet wide and 75 feet high. The stream was followed into the cave for 

 more than half a mile. It was found to be a continuous stream, i to 2 feet deep and 

 8 to 10 feet wide in most places, but at irregular intervals there were pools 2 to 4 feet 

 deep. Curiously enough, this stream seems to be subject to considerable fluctuation 

 in volume. No fishes are known from this cave except from near the entrance, but a 

 species of blind crawfish occurs in limited numbers. 



CLEVELAND, TENN. , OCTOBER 3 AND 4. 



Cleveland, about 30 miles a little northeast of Chattanooga, is situated in an undu- 

 lating region in which we saw nothing but limestone rocks, from which springs issued 

 in abundance. There are a great many springs, large and small, in the vicinity of 

 Cleveland, of which the most important are: 



Craigmile's Springs. — These are situated i mile north of Cleveland. By damming 

 and embanking, a pond of an acre or more has been formed. The principal spring 

 issues from the limestone at the upper edge of the pond. The total flow is about 400 

 gallons per minute. The water is of good quality. The temperature of the water as 

 it issues from the rock is 59° F. ; in a small spring below the dam it is 60° F.; while in 



