FISHES OF EAST TENNESSEE. 437 



the boat house it was 68° F. at 10 a. m. when the air was 74° F. There is considerable 

 algae and Chara growing in the pond. 



Payne's Spring. — This spring is located about 2 miles north of Cleveland. It 

 emerges at the foot of a low hill, which is of red clay resting on sandstone. It is a very 

 fine spring, flowing about 1,000 gallons per minute. The temperature of the water is 

 58° F. The stream flowing from it is filled with water cress. The outlet is in South 

 Mouse Creek, a short distance to the north. 



Stith's Springs. — About i mile south of Cleveland are two good springs, about 

 one-fourth mile apart. The combined flow is about 275 to 300 gallons and the tem- 

 perature of the water is 59° F. 



Julian's Spring. — This is a large spring about 8 miles southeast of Cleveland. It 

 has a flow of over 400 gallons per minute, and the temperature was 59.5° F. when the 

 air was 74° F. The soil in this region is thin and mostly red clay. The vegetation in the 

 streams was especially abundant, the algae, water cress, etc., greatly obstructing the 

 flow of the water. The forests are mainly of oak with some pines and other trees. We 

 noticed three oaks, three elms, pine, chestnut, black walnut, maple, tulip, sweet 

 gum, dogwood, ash, cedar, hickory, iron wood, persimmon, sassafras, blue beech, 

 sumach, wild cherry, redbud, sycamore, wild plum, willow, alder, elder, etc., making 

 up quite a varied forest vegetation, indicating considerable varietj' of soil and possibly 

 of rocks, but to a casual observer the outcropping rocks seemed much the same every- 

 where in the region about Cleveland. 



ATHENS, TENN., OCTOBER 4 TO 7. 



About Athens, 30 miles east of north from Cleveland, the country is more broken and 

 uneven. The rocks were generally limestone, but near Amwine Spring, about 5 miles 

 north of Athens, other rocks were seen. This region is also well supplied with springs 

 and streams. Within a few miles are several of the most important rivers of east Tennes- 

 see. To the southward 12 to 15 miles is the Hiawassee, to the northeast about 20 miles is 

 the Little Tennessee, while the Tennessee River is only 15 miles distant on the west or 

 25 miles on the northeast. These and a great number of smaller streams near-by are 

 all excellent fish streams. Among the more important springs which we examined in 

 the vicinity of Athens are the following : 



Arnwine Spring, or Matlock Spring. — This spring is about 5 miles north of Athens. 

 It is a very large and excellent spring, issuing from a fissure in the limestone at the base 

 of a gentle hillside, and at once forming a large stream which flows southeast over granit- 

 oid, schistose, and other metamorphic rocks through a narrow valley which becomes 

 wider as the distance from the spring increases. This spring is tributary to a branch 

 of North Mouse Creek, which flows for a short distance over metamorphic rocks, but 

 most of its course is over a limestone bed. The temperature of the water in the spring 

 was 57.5° F. at 3.30 p. m. when the air was 72° F. The volume of water furnished by 

 this spring is over 2,000 gallons per minute. 



The spring, mill race, and upper end of the pond are well filled with water Vegeta- 

 tion, consisting chiefly of mosses on the rocks, Lemna, Chara, and filamentous algae. We 

 were surprised to find no water cress, Myriophyllum, or Potamogeton in this spring and 

 pond. 



In the mill race and stream are a great many small gasteropods and small blobs, 

 and crawfish, young dace, and frogs are quite numerous. 



