APPENDIX TO CASE OF GREAT BRITAIN. 491 
Notwithstanding the lax efforts on the part of the United States to guard or patrol 
the breeding islands, the difficulty of approaching the rough coats thereof, the prey- 
alence of fogs, and other causes, have, in a large degree, prevented too destructive 
or too numerous raids being made upon the rookeries. 
The Canadian Government contends that while seals in calf are taken on and off 
the coasts of British Columbia and California, and also during their migrations near 
the Aleutian Islands by Indians and Aleuts, the bulk of the seals taken in the open 
sea of that part of the Pacific Ocean called Behring’s Sea are bulls, both old and 
young —but chiefly young—and that most of the cows, when taken, are known as ‘dry 
cows,” i. e., cows that have nursed and weaned their young, or cows that are barren, 
or those that have Jost pups from natural causes. 
It must also be noted that there are more females than males in a herd of seals. 
(‘‘Trip to Alaska,” Wardman, p. 94.) 
The position taken by the Canadian Government is supported— 
1. By the history of the rookeries as above given and the great increase shown, 
despite the constant killing and raids upon the islands during the past century. 
2. By the fact that the old bulls that have been able to hold their position on the 
rookeries go into the water at the end of the rutting season, between the Ist and 
10th August. (H.R. Ex. Doc. No. 83, 44th Congress, Ist Session, Appendix, p. 132.) 
Mr. Clark, on the Aniarctic seal fisheries, in ‘‘ The Fisheries and Fishery Industries 
in the United States,” 1887, pp. 423, 424, says: 
“‘In very stormy weather, when they (the seals) are driven into the sea, they are 
forced to betake themselves to the sheltered side of the island, hence the men find 
that stormy weather pays them best. Two or three old males, termed ‘beach- 
masters,’ hold a beach to themselves and cover it with cows, but allow no other 
males to haul up. The males fight furiously, and one man told me that he had seen 
an old male take up a younger one in his teeth and throw him into the air. The 
males show fight when whipped, and are with great difficulty driven into the sea. 
“They are sometimes treated with horrible brutality. The females give birth to 
the young soon after their arrival. 
“ After leaving the rookeries the bulls do not return to them again that season.” 
3. By the fact that two-thirds of all the males that are born are never permitted 
to land upon thesame ground with the females. This large band of bachelors, when 
it visits land, herds miles away from the breeding-grounds. (H.W. Elliott, H. R. No. 
3883, 50th Congress, p. 112.) 
They are driven off into the water. (Clark’s article on Antarctic seal fishery indus- 
tries of the United States, section 5, vol. ii, 1887, p. 431.) 
Young seals are prevented from landing on rookeries. (Ex. Doc. 83, 44th Congress, 
1st Session, p. 93; see also Elliott, H. R., 44th Congress, Ist Session, Ex. Doc. No. 83.) 
Yearling seals arrive about the middle of July, accompanied by a few of the 
mature males, remaining a greater part of the time in the water. (H.H.MelIntyre, 
41st Congress, 2nd Session, H.R. No. 36, p.14; also H. R. Ex. Doc. 43, Ist Session, 44th 
Congress, p. 4.) 
Mr. Samuel Falkner, Assistant Treasury Agent, writing from St. George Island, 
Ist August, 1875, to Mr. Bryant, Treasury Agent for the Seal Islands, says: 
447 “T notice on some of the rookeries the passage-ways, formerly occupied by 
young bachelors in hauling upon the background, are completely blocked up 
by females, thus preventing the young seals from landing; and as the greater portion 
of this island shore is composed of high cliffs, it renders it difficult for any great 
number to effect a landing. There are also numerous old males constantly guard- 
ing the shore line, which makes it still more difficult for the young ones to work 
their way on the background. 
Then, again, it must be remembered that non-breeding seals, consisting of all the 
yearlings and all the males under 6 or7 years of age, nearly equal in number the 
breedling seals, and Mr. Eiliott estimated, when there were 4,700,000 seals on the 
island, 1,500,000 of this number were non-breeding seals. (Elliott, Appendix to H. 
kh. Ex. Doc. No. 83, 44th Congyess, 1st Session, p. 79.) 
On thick foggy days bachelor seals, numbering over a million, will often haul out 
on different hauling-grounds, and on the recurrence of fine weather disappear into 
the water. (Elliott, p. 144, H. R., 44th Congress, Ist Session, Ex. Doc. No. 83.) 
The young bachelors do not remain on shore long at a time. (Page 4, 44th Con- 
gress, Ist Session, Ex. Doc. No. 43.) 
They are so numerous, however, that thousands can be seen upon the hauling- 
Sone all of them are never either on shore or in the water at the same time. 
(Loid., p. 44.) 
: 2s the fact that the cows remain with their pups and suckle them until all have 
eft. 
They donot go on the rookeries until 3 years of age. (H.R. Ex. Doc., 44th Congress, 
1st Session, No. 43, p. 4.) 
