APPENDIX TO CASE OF GREAT BRITAIN. 659 
the Aleutian Islands by Indians and Aleuts, the bulk of the seals taken in the open 
sea of that part of the Pacifie Ocean called Behring’s Sea are bulls both old and 
young—but chiefly young—and that most of the cows when taken are known as 
“dry cows,” i. e., cows that have nursed and weaned their young, or cows that are 
barren, or those that have lost pups from natural causes, 
70 It must also be noted that there are more females than males in a herd of 
seals. (‘‘Trip to Alaska,” Wardman, p. 94.) 
The position taken by the Canadian Government is supported— i 
1. By the histories of the rookeries as above given, and the great increase shown 
despite the constant killing and raids upon the islands during the past century. 
2. By the fact that the old bulls that have been able to hold their position on the 
rookeries go into the water at the end of the rutting season between the Ist and 10th 
August. (H.R. Ex. Doc. No. 83, 44th Congress, Ist Session, Appendix, p. 132.) 
Mr. Clark, on the Antarctic seal fisheries, in ‘f The Fisheries and Fishery Industries 
in the United States,” 1887, pp. 425-424, says: 
‘fn very stormy weather, when they (the seals) are driven into the sea, they are 
forced to betake themselves to the sheltered side of the island, hence the men find 
that stormy weather pays them best. Two or three old males, termed ‘ beach mas- 
ters,’ hold a beach to themselves and cover it with cows, but allow no other males to 
haulup. The males fight furiously, and one man told me that he had seen an old 
male take up a younger one in his teeth and throw him into the air. The males show 
fight when whipped, and are with great difficulty driven into the sea. 
“They are sometimes treated with horrible brutality. The females give birth to 
the young soon after their arrival. 
“ After leaving the rookeries the bulls do not return to them again that season.” 
3. By the fact that two-thirds of all the males that are born are never permitted 
to land upon the same ground with the females. ‘This large band of bachelors, when 
it visits land, herds mile away from the breeding-grounds. (W.H. Elliott, H. R. No. 
3883, 50th Congress, p. 112.) 
They are driven oft into the water. (Clark’s article on Antarctic seal fishery indus- 
tries of the United States, section 5, vol. ii, 1887, p. 431.) 
Young seals are prevented from landing on rookeries. (Ex. Doc. 83, 44th Congress, 
Ist Session, p. 23; see also Elliott, H. R., 44th Congress, Ist Session, Ex. Doc. No. 83.) 
Yearling seals arrive about the middle of July, accompanied by a few of the mature 
males, remaining a greater part of the time in water. (H.H. McIntyre, 41st Con- 
gress, 2nd Session, H. R. No. 36, p. 14; also H. R. Ex. Doe. No. 43, 44th Congress, Ist 
Session, p. 4.) 
Mr. Samuel Falkner, Assistant Treasury Agent, writing from St. George Island, Ist 
August, 1873, to Mr. Bryant, Treasury Agent for the Seal Islands, says: 
**T notice on some of the rookeries the passage-ways formerly occupied by young 
bachelors in hauling upon the back-ground are completely blocked up by females, 
thus preventing the young seals from landing, and as the greater portion of this 
island shore is composed of high cliffs, it renders it difficult for any great number 
to effect a landing. There are also numerous old males constantly guarding the 
shore-line, which makes it still more difficult for the young ones to work their way 
on the back-ground.” 
Then, again, it must be remembered that the non-breeding seals, consisting of all 
the yearlings and all the males under 6 or 7 years of age, nearly equal in number the 
breeding seals; and Mr. Elliott estimated, when there were 4,700,000 seals on the 
islands, 1,500,000 of this number were non breeding seals. (Elliott, Appendix to 
H. R. Ex. Doe. No. 83, 44th Congress, Ist Session, p. 79.) 
On thick foggy days bachelor seals, numbering over a million, will often haul out 
on different hauling-grounds, and on the recurrence of fine weather disappear into 
the water. (Elliott, p. 144, H. R., 44th Congress, Ist Session, Ex. Doc. No. 83.) 
The young bachelors do not remain on shore long at a time (p. 4, 44th Congress, Ist 
Session, Ex. Doc. No. 43). They are so numerous, however, that thousands can be 
seen upon the hanling-grounds, as all of them are never either on shore or in the 
water at the same time (ibid., p.44). By the fact that the cows remain with their 
pups and suckle them until all have left. 
They do not go on the rookeries until 3 years of age. (H.R. Ex. Doce. No. 43, 44th 
Congress, Ist Session, p. 4.) 
They do not go far from shore until the young are reared. Peron says that both 
parent elephant seals stay with the young, without feeding at all, until the young 
are 6 or 7 weeks old, and that then the old ones conduct the young to the water. 
(Clark’s article on Antarctic seals, p. 424.) 
The young are suckled by the females for some time and then left to themselves 
lying on the beach, where they seem to grow fat without further feeding. (‘The 
Fisheries and Fishing Industries of the United States,” section 5, vol. ii, 1887, p. 424.) 
For this reason, those that are pupped in June are off in the water in August. 
