138 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 
Family CLIONIDZ. 
Astromonaxonellida that bore into and excavate molluscan shells and other cal- 
careous bodies. 
Cliona Grant. 
The complete spiculation includes tylostyles, oxeas, and spirasters. Of these 
elements one or two fail to appear (undergo atrophy) in certain species. 
Cliona celata Grant. (PI. LVI, figs. 2, 4, 5; Pl. LXVI, fig. 50.) 
Spongia sulphurea, Desor, 1848, p. 67. 
Cliona sulphurea, Verrill and Smith, 1874, p. 450. 
Cliona sulphurea (Desor), Leidy, 1889. 
Cliona celata Grant, Lambe, 1896, p. 202. 
Cliona celata Grant, Topsent, 1900, p. 32. (Synonomy here given in full.) 
A common sponge in Beaufort Harbor, especially occurring in oyster and clam (Venus) shells. 
The specimen figured was taken just below low-water mark from the edge of a little island. 
The sponge consists of anastomosing trabecule (PI. LVI, fig. 5), which lie in the body of the shell, 
and numerous projecting tubular papillae bearing pores or oscula. The sponge trabeculae completely 
fill the excavations in the shell, and in an old specimen the excavations occupy nearly all the space 
between the thin shell walls. The papilla may be extended a few millimeters, or may be retracted 
intotheshell. They are of two kinds: (1) Pore papillz, which, when extended, have a tubular stalk with 
a mushroom-shaped cap covered by a dermal membrane riddled with pores 15 to 35 mw in diameter. 
No pores were found except over the expanded end of these papilla. The diameter of the tubular stalk 
of the pore papillz in a preserved specimen is 1 to 2 millimeters and the diameter of the expanded end 
1.5 to 3 millimeters. They connect with the trabecule in the interior of the shell. (2) Very similar 
tubular papille, each bearing a single terminal osculum 1 to 1.5 millimeters in diameter, instead of a 
porous cap. In the living specimen, observed in shallow aquaria, the oscular papille are found to 
be conical at the tip and are easily distinguished from the pore papille, with which they are intermingled 
over the surface of the shell. They are few in number as compared with the pore papille. 
Coarsely granular or spheruliferous cells (cellules spheruleuses) are exceedingly abundant, as in the 
sponges examined by Topsent (1900). 
Spicules—Tylostyles, smooth, slender, slightly curved, with a pretty sharp point, measuring 200 
to 400 n by 4 to gu. The spicules taper slightly toward the head end, as well as toward the point. 
The curvature is in the upper (head) half of the spicule. 
Skeletal framework.—The skeleton of the sponge trabeculae within the shell consists of irregularly 
scattered, moderately abundant tylostyles. The skeleton in the wall of the tubular pore papille con- 
sists of a dense confused network of tylostyles, some of which have their points extending slightly 
beyond the dermal membrane. At the distal end of the papilla, where the pore-bearing cap spreads out, 
the reticulum of the wall breaks up into a system of loose fibers and trabecule, which extend upward 
at various angles, spreading out terminally in brushes to support the dermal membrane which 
covers the cap. The skeleton of the wall of the oscular papilla likewise consists of a dense reticular 
mat of spicules. As we approach the tip of the papilla the mat becomes less dense, and the spicules point 
more toward the tip, becoming arranged frequently in more or less definite plumose tracts. There 
is no spongin. 
At the base of the pore and oscular papille there is a sharp contrast between the dense skeleton 
of the walls of these tubes and the loose skeleton of scattered spicules in the trabeculze within the shell. 
This sponge, as is well known, may grow out of the shell which it has excavated and eventually 
form a free mass of large size. But the massive phase, which is common on the New England coast, 
where it may reach a diameter of about 8 inches (Verrill and Smith, 1874, p. 127), has not been observed 
in Beaufort harbor. Farther south, on the west coast of Florida, the free phase (Raphyrus griffithsii Bow) 
is known to occur, both in the common massive form and in a branched tubular form (!) (Carter, 1884, 
p- 207). 
