DRAGONFLIES AND DAMSELFLIES IN PONDFISH CULTURE. 227 
gibbosus, and 15 per cent of the food of another (p. 187); 60, 75, 85, and 100 per cent, 
respectively, of the food of four young yellow perch, P. flavescens (pp. 192, 193); 6 per 
cent (with Chironomid larvz) of the food of six Manitou darters, Percina caprodes zebra 
(p. 194); 19 per cent of the food of four young grass pike, Esox reticulatus; and 36.66 per 
cent of the food of three preadults (p. 201). 
Bean (1912, p. 203), in speaking of fish food said: ‘‘ Important trout foods are snails, 
dragonflies, mayflies, and caddisflies.” 
A. S. Pearse, of the University of Wisconsin, in a manuscript paper seen by the 
present author verifies these observations and adds many other fish species which feed 
upon odonate nymphs. 
Dr. R. A. Muttkowski has very kindly contributed some manuscript notes upon the 
food of fish from the vicinity of Madison, Wis. The odonate nymphs have been selected 
from these food data and arranged in the following table: 
Foop oF FISHES NEAR MapIson, Wis., EXAMINED BY DR. R. A. MutTTKOwsKI. 
[Numerators represent number of fish in whose stomachs nymphs were found; denominators represent number of nymphs found.] 
D D ' 1 a D 
ca | eM Te ES 6 | ¢ 
i = cle g a q E & 2 5 
ct a. / a AS | ate na: ; = 
: “ se a|aod| ag | od ot 3 es 
Kind of fish. é | 83 | 63) GE ea(s8/s3| 2) 88/33! 4 
q |Se/S°|S8]a°/) a" |c4) y |e") S| 3 
e/eele eld je 2 | ale 12 | 2 
a4|/aoia |e |4.|24, \8 eB pa A i= 
2 7 15 I 
Ambloplites rupestris: Rock bass, redeye..............2)00-05- ma Pee beeen Gone Gonod Beteee Getes Beeonn eeoenn Secon 
. 2 I 
Ameiurus nebulosus: Commo. bullhead................)..-++-[---++- Gloccecefeeeteefec eee efeee ees Pe Gooood eeen leone 
Ameiurus melas: Black bullhead ............6 604.0650 cfev eee sfes eee : eA he El De Te | ee) es (a 
- Ir 
Lepisosteus osseus: Long-nosed gar............0.0 20s eee le eens Bg Sod eenod seonod chon Bllnod Blend Sntlid Bennnn monnnn 
ree 3 
Eupomotis gibbosus: Common sunfish............0.0000)e0e ee ele sees Pa Poeoed Gone Geenen Getood Gntnen Bnnnnd Bonen Been 
. - Fy 5 
Lepomis pallidus: Bhuegill®. 5:25. G0. 2a. eee ewe ee eee oe ns 2 Pa Goto Geen Eee cod Coote Gotond Boned Eoooen Eocene 
. . 2 
Micropterus salmoides: Largemouth black bass ........).-.+.+ Byccceefcepoce pepe Sas Ae lineata 0 
18 2 2 2 2 
Perca flavescens: Yellow perch. ............0.-20200 eee = =|) 22 = = = = = = cS z 
2 74 202 2 23 I Ir 2 4 I I 
Pomoxis'annuularis:\Crappies ic. srscecr cere cde: ese cceoec[epeess|[seeses = SORES Kodccd Menanh laches occde aneAae séccac] Gece 
Pomoxis sparoides: Calico bass... ..........ceeeeeeeeeee[eeeees a ee EOL NIRS Gh 818 OE ln 
12 30 89 : 
Schilbeodes gyrinus: Mad Tom.............--...0.eeeee[eeeeee 3 = AB CGS Beaase Vibeaad Baeond Serene Maree Meets 96 
LG Ay oth OU gr teh GV ana ee BSCR OO Ie eo oc JOSUEE aE Ell esno 500 6 7tadg Mooted ioceoe aidaene Soncod Braet Seeose LS langean 
I 
Two facts stand out very clearly in this table. The first is that the nymphs of the 
two species of Enallagma, which are common in the vicinity of Madison, form an important 
item in the food of the local fish. Every species of fish except the mud minnow has eaten 
of them in considerable numbers, and for the rock bass and calico bass they seem to 
constitute the chief item of diet. In all, 24 species of fish were examined, and it is worthy 
of note that 6 of the 12 which do not appear in this table are found in Forbes’s table, 
where they are simply recorded as eating damselfly nymphs, without any designation 
of species. 
The number of individual perch examined was very much larger than that of any 
other kind of fish, and the species of odonate nymphs found in their stomachs are corre- 
